Register      Login
Australian Systematic Botany Australian Systematic Botany Society
Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of plants
RESEARCH ARTICLE

A taxonomic revision of the Australasian genera Dracophyllum and Richea (Richeeae: Styphelioideae: Ericaceae)

Stephanus Venter https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5272-0179
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Qld 4870, Australia. Email: fanie.venter@viewnaturalhistory.com

Australian Systematic Botany 34(2) 1-205 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB19049
Submitted: 18 December 2019  Accepted: 25 August 2020   Published: 4 January 2021

Abstract

The genus Dracophyllum Labill. is revised, with a total of 61 species being recognised in four subgenera and two species (Dracophyllum minimum F.Muell. and D. strictum Hook.f.) are listed as incertae sedis. The genus Richea R.Br. is reduced to synonymy under Dracophyllum where it is divided into two new subgenera, namely, Dracophyllum subgenus Cystanthe (R.Br.) S.Venter and D. subgenus Richea (R.Br.) S.Venter. Replacement names published here are Dracophyllum laciniatum S.Venter, D. persistentifolium S.Venter and D. tasmanicum S.Venter, and new combinations published here are Dracophyllum alpinum (Menadue) S.Venter, D. continentis (B.L.Burtt) S.Venter, D. desgrazii (Hombr. ex Decne.) S.Venter, D. gunnii (Hook.f.) S.Venter, D. pandanifolia (Hook.f.) S.Venter, D. procerum (F.Muell.) S.Venter, D. sprengelioides (R.Br.) S.Venter and D. victorianum (Menadue) S.Venter. Nomenclature, descriptions, illustrations, photographs and distribution maps are provided for each species and lectotypes are designated where necessary. A key to the subgenera and keys to species within these are provided.

Keywords: Australasia, Dracophyllum, Richea, epacrid, Ericaceae, Richeeae, taxonomy.


References

Albrecht DE, Owens CT, Weiller CM, Quinn CJ (2010) Generic concepts in Ericaceae: Styphelioideae – the Monotoca group. Australian Systematic Botany 23, 320–332.
Generic concepts in Ericaceae: Styphelioideae – the Monotoca group.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Allan HH (1961) Epacridaceae. Flora of New Zealand 1, 521–539.

Armstrong JB (1880) Description of new and rare New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 13, 335–343.

Arroyo MTK, Primack R, Armesto J (1982) Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany 69, 82–97.
Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bailey FM (1913) ‘Comprehensive catalogue of Queensland plants both indigenous and naturalised.’ (Government Printer: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Bayly MJ, Garnock-Jones PJ, Mitchell KA, Markham KR, Brownsey PJ (2001) Description and flavonoid chemistry of Hebe calcicola (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39, 55–67.
Description and flavonoid chemistry of Hebe calcicola (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from north-west Nelson, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bentham G (1869) Epacrideae. ‘Flora Australiensis: a Description of the Plants of the Australian Territory, Vol. 4’, pp. 261–262. (Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Bentham G, Hooker JD (1876) Epacrideae. In ‘Genera Plantarum, Vol. 2’. pp. 608–618. (Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Brongniart AD, Gris A (1864) Plantes peu connues de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique et Biologie Vegetale (Fr.) sér 5 2, 156–157.

Brown R (1810) Epacrideae. In ‘Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insula Van Diemen, Vol. 1’, pp. 555–556. (Taylor: London, UK)

Brown EA, Streiber N (1999) Systematic studies in Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) 2. New species of Dracophyllum in New South Wales. Telopea 8, 393–401.
Systematic studies in Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) 2. New species of Dracophyllum in New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bullock SH, Beach JH, Bawa KS (1983) Episodic flowering and sexual dimorphism in Guarea rhopalocarpa Radlk. (Meliaceae) in a Costa Rican rain forest. Ecology 64, 851–861.
Episodic flowering and sexual dimorphism in Guarea rhopalocarpa Radlk. (Meliaceae) in a Costa Rican rain forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheeseman TF (1906) Epacrideae. In ‘Manual of New Zealand Flora’. Plate 129–132. (Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand)

Cheeseman TF (1914) ‘Illustrations of the New Zealand Flora, Vol. 2’. t. 129–t. 132. (Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand)

Cheeseman TF (1925) Epacridaceae. In ‘Manual of New Zealand Flora’, 2nd edn. pp. 692–710. (Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand)

Cockayne L (1904) A botanical excursion during midwinter to the Southern Islands of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 36, 225

Cockayne L (1928) ‘Vegetation of New Zealand.’ (Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany)

Cockayne L, Phillips Turner E (1967) ‘The trees of New Zealand’, 5th edn. (Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand)

Colenso W (1896) On new phaenogams. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 28, 602–605.

Crayn DM, Kron KA, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ (1998) Phylogenetics and evolution of epacrids: a molecular analysis using the plastid gene rbcL with a reappraisal of the position of Lebetanthus. Australian Journal of Botany 46, 187–200.
Phylogenetics and evolution of epacrids: a molecular analysis using the plastid gene rbcL with a reappraisal of the position of Lebetanthus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Curtis WM (1963) Angiospermae: Lythraceae to Epacridaceae. In ‘The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Vol. 2’. p. 461. (Tasmanian Government Printer: Hobart, Tas., Australia)

Davis PH, Haywood VH (1973) ‘Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy’, revised edition. (Robert E Krieger: Huntington, NY, USA)

de Candolle AP (1839) Epacrideae. In ‘Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Vol. 7’. pp. 769–770. (Treuttell & Wurtz: Paris, France)

de Salas MF, Baker ML (2017) A census of the vascular plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, Tas., Australia.

Druce AP, Williams PA, Heine JC (1987) Vegetation and flora of Tertiary calcareous rocks in the mountains of western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25, 41–78.
Vegetation and flora of Tertiary calcareous rocks in the mountains of western Nelson, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Du Rietz GE (1930) The fundamental units of biological taxonomy. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 24, 333–428.

Endlicher SL (1836) Bicornes, Ericaceae. In ‘Genera Plantarum’. p. 750. (Fr. Beck: Vienna, Austria)

Forster G (1786) ‘Florulae insularum australium prodromus.’ (J.C.Dietrich: Gottingen, Germany)

Forster JR, Forster G (1776) ‘Characteres generum plantarum quas in itinere ad insulas maris australis 1772–1775.’ (White, T. Cadell and P. Elmsley: London, UK)

Gray AM (1971) Richea curtisiae (Epacridaceae) Muelleria 2, 143–144.

Green PS (1994) Observations on the phytogeography of the New Hebrides, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Islands. In ‘Flora of Australia, Vol. 49. Oceanic Islands 1’. pp. 41–53. (AGPS: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Haase P (1986) An ecological study of the subalpine tree Dracophyllum traversii (Epacridaceae) at Arthur’s Pass, South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 24, 69–78.
An ecological study of the subalpine tree Dracophyllum traversii (Epacridaceae) at Arthur’s Pass, South Island, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Heenan PB, McGlone MS (2013) Evolution of New Zealand alpine and open-habitat plant species during the late Cenozoic. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 37, 105–113.

Hill RS (2004) Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetation Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London – B. Biological Sciences 359, 1537–1549.
Origins of the southeastern Australian vegetationCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15519971PubMed |

Hooker JD (1833) Dracophyllum secundum. Secund-flowered Dracophyllum. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine 7, t. 3264

Hooker JD (1839) Transmutation of species. Annals of Natural History 2, 48–49.

Hooker JD (1844) The botany of the Antarctic voyage. In ‘Flora Antarctica, Vol. 1’. pp. 45–50. (Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Hooker JD (1853) The botany of the Antarctic voyage. In ‘Flora Novae Zelandiae, Vol. 2(1)’. pp. 167–223. (Reeve & Co.: London, UK)

Hooker JD (1860) The botany of the Antarctic voyage. In ‘Flora Tasmaniae, Vol. 3’. p. 367. (Reeve Brothers: London, UK)

Jaffré T (1991) Floristic and ecological diversity of the vegetation on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia. In ‘The Vegetation of Ultramafic Serpentine Soils. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Serpentine Ecology’, Davis, CA, USA. (Eds AJM Baker, J Proctor, RD Reeves) pp. 101–110. (Intercept Ltd: Andover, UK)

Johnson KA, Holland BR, Heslewood MM, Crayn DM (2012) Supermatrices, supertrees and serendipitous scaffolding: inferring a well-resolved, genus-level phylogeny of Styphelioideae (Ericaceae) despite missing data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62, 146–158.
Supermatrices, supertrees and serendipitous scaffolding: inferring a well-resolved, genus-level phylogeny of Styphelioideae (Ericaceae) despite missing data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21967784PubMed |

Jordan GJ, Bannister JM, Mildenhall DC, Zetter R, Lee DE (2010) Fossil Ericaceae from New Zealand: deconstructing the use of fossil evidence in historical biogeography American Journal of Botany 97, 59–70.
Fossil Ericaceae from New Zealand: deconstructing the use of fossil evidence in historical biogeographyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21622367PubMed |

Kirk T (1881) Description of new plants: Dracophyllum prostratum. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 13, 382–386.

Kirk T (1889) ‘The Forest Flora of New Zealand.’ (New Zealand Government Printer: Wellington, New Zealand)

Kirkpatrick JB (1983) Treeless plant communities of the Tasman High Country. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 12, 61–77.

Kirkpatrick JB (1997) ‘Alpine Tasmania: an illustrated guide to the flora and vegetation.’ (Oxford University Press: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Kirkpatrick JB, Bridle KL (2016) Grazing and the absence of fire promote the dominance of an unpalatable shrub in a patch mosaic cyclic successional system. Australian Journal of Botany 64, 45–50.
Grazing and the absence of fire promote the dominance of an unpalatable shrub in a patch mosaic cyclic successional system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kron KA, Judd WS, Stevens PF, Crayn DM, Anderberg AA, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Luteyn JL (2002) Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68, 335–423.
Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Labillardière JJH (1800) Table des Planches.‘Rèlation du voyage à la recherché de la Pérouse, Vol. 2.’ pp. 210–221. (H.J.Jansen: Paris, France)

Lee WG (1992) New Zealand ultramafics. In ‘The ecology of areas with serpentinized rocks. A worldview’. (Eds BA Roberts, J Proctor) pp. 375–418. (Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

Lindley J (1836) Characters of the new genera. In ‘A Natural System of Botany’, edn 2. pp. 439–452. (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman: London. UK)

Matthews JW (1953) Dracophyllum longifolium. In ‘New Zealand Trees’. pp. 24–25. (A.H & A.W. Reed; Wellington, New Zealand)

Menadue Y, Crowden RK (2000) Taxonomic revision of Richea R.Br. (Epacridaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 13, 773–802.
Taxonomic revision of Richea R.Br. (Epacridaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mildenhall DC, Mortimer N, Bassett KN, Kennedy EM (2014) Oligocene palaeography of New Zealand: maximum marine transgression. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 57, 107–109.
Oligocene palaeography of New Zealand: maximum marine transgression.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mueller FJH (1858) Epacrideae. In ‘Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, Vol. 1’. p. 39. (Johannis Ferres: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Mueller FJH (1864) ‘The Vegetation of the Chatham Islands.’ (Johannis Ferres, Government Printer: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Mueller FJH (1867) Epacrideae. In ‘Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, Vol. 6’. pp. 65–66. (Johannis Ferres: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Norton DA (2018) A substantial northward extension of the range of Dracophyllum fiordense W.R.B.Oliv. (Ericaceae), Westland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 56, 430–437.
A substantial northward extension of the range of Dracophyllum fiordense W.R.B.Oliv. (Ericaceae), Westland, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oliver WRB (1917) The vegetation and flora of Lord Howe Island. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 49, 94–161.

Oliver WRB (1928) A revision of the genus Dracophyllum. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 59, 678–714.

Oliver WRB (1952) A revision of the genus Dracophyllum: (Supplement). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 80, 1–17.

Olsson M, Shine R, Ba’k-Olsson E (2000) Lizards as a plant’s ‘hired help’: letting pollinators in and seeds out. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 71, 191–202.

Perry GLW, Wilmhurst JM, McGlone MS (2014) Ecology and long-term history of fire in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 38, 157–176.

Poiret JLM (1811) DRA. In ‘Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique Supplément 2’. (Ed. JBAPM de Lamarck) p. 556. (H. Agasse: Paris, France)

Poole AL (1987) ‘Southern Beeches.’ (Science Information Publishing Centre: Wellington, New Zealand)

Poole AL, Adams N (1994) ‘Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand.’ (Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln, New Zealand)

Powell JM (1983) Epacridaceae. In ‘Flowering Plants in Australia’. (Eds BD Morley, HR Toelken) pp. 111–114. (Rigby: Adelaide, SA, Australia)

Powell JM (1992) Epacridaceae. In ‘Flora of New South Wales, Vol. 3’. (Ed. GJ Harden) p. 403. (NSW University Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Powell JM, Crayn DM, Gadek PA, Quinn CJ, Morrison DA, Chapman AR (1996) A re-assessment of relationships within Epacridaceae Annals of Botany 77, 305–316.
A re-assessment of relationships within EpacridaceaeCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Primack RB (1983) Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora. New Zealand Journal of Botany 21, 317–333.
Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Puente-Lelièvre C, Harrington MG, Brown EA, Kuzmina M, Crayn DM (2013) Cenozoic extinction and recolonization in the New Zealand flora: the case of the fleshy-fruited epacrids (Styphelieae, Styphelioideae, Ericaceae) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66, 203–214.
Cenozoic extinction and recolonization in the New Zealand flora: the case of the fleshy-fruited epacrids (Styphelieae, Styphelioideae, Ericaceae)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23044402PubMed |

Puente-Lelièvre C, Hislop M, Harrington M, Brown EA, Kuzmina M, Crayn DM (2015) A five-marker molecular phylogeny of the Styphelieae (Epacridoideae, Ericaceae) supports a broad concept of Styphelia Australian Systematic Botany 28, 368–387.
A five-marker molecular phylogeny of the Styphelieae (Epacridoideae, Ericaceae) supports a broad concept of StypheliaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Quinn CJ, Brown EA, Heslewood MM, Crayn DM (2005) Generic concepts in Stypheliae (Ericaceae): the Cyathodes group. Australian Systematic Botany 18, 439–452.
Generic concepts in Stypheliae (Ericaceae): the Cyathodes group.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Quinn CJ, Crowden RK, Brown EA, Southam MJ, Thornhill AH, Crayn DM (2015) A reappraisal of the generic concepts of Epacris, Rupicola and Budawangia (Ericaceae, Epacridoideae, Epacrideae) based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data. Australian Systematic Botany 28, 63–77.
A reappraisal of the generic concepts of Epacris, Rupicola and Budawangia (Ericaceae, Epacridoideae, Epacrideae) based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Richard MA (1832) ‘Essai d’une Flore de la Nouvelle–Zélande (Voyage de decorvéttes de l’Astrolobe pendant les annees).’ (Tastu: Paris, France)

Rodway L (1903) ‘The Tasmanian Flora.’ (Government Printer: Hobart, Tas., Australia)

Roemer JJ, Schultes JA (1819) Tetrandria. Monogynia. In ‘Systema Vegetabilium, Vol. 4’. pp. 385–386. (J.G. Cottae: Stuttgart, Germany)

Rogers GM, Courtney SP, Heenan PB (2018) The calcicolous vascular flora of New Zealand. Science for Conservation 331, Department of Conservation, Te Papa Atawhai, New Zealand Government, Wellington, New Zealand.

Sakai A, Wardle P (1984) Freezing resistance of New Zealand trees and shrubs. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 1, 51–61.

Schwery O, Onstein RE, Bouchenak-Khelladi Y, Carter RJ, Linder HP (2015) As old as the mountains: the radiations of the Ericaceae. New Phytologist 207, 355–367.
As old as the mountains: the radiations of the Ericaceae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Simpson G (1945) Notes and descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 75, 191–192.

Simpson G (1952) Notes on some New Zealand plants and descriptions of new species (no. 5). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 79, 434

Sprengel C (1825) Pentandria. Monogynia. Epacris. In ‘Systema Vegetabilium, Vol. 1’. pp. 629–639. (Dieterich: Gottingen, Germany)

Stearn WT (1996) ‘Botanical Latin’, 4th edn. (David & Charles Publishers, Brunel House: Newton Abbot, Devon, UK)

Streiber N, Brown EA, Conn BJ, Quinn CJ (1999) Systematic studies in Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) 1. Morphometric analysis of Dracophyllum secundum senso lato. Telopea 8, 381–391.
Systematic studies in Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) 1. Morphometric analysis of Dracophyllum secundum senso lato.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sweet R (1827) ‘Flora Australasica or a Selection of Handsome or Curious Plants, Native of New Holland, and the South Sea Islands.’ (James Ridgway)

Turland NJ, Wiersema JH, Barrie FR, Greuter W, Hawksworth DL, Herendeen PS, Knapp S, Kusber W-H, Li D-Z, Marhold K, May TW, McNeill J, Monro AM, Prado J, Price MJ, Smith GF (Eds) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress, July 2017, Shenzhen, PR China. Regnum Vegetabile 159. (Koeltz Botanical Books: Glashütten)10.12705/Code.201810.12705/Code.2018

Venter S (2002) Dracophyllum marmoricola and Dracophyllum ophioliticum (Ericaceae), two new species from northwest Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40, 39–47.
Dracophyllum marmoricola and Dracophyllum ophioliticum (Ericaceae), two new species from northwest Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Venter S (2004a) Dracophyllum mackeeanum (Ericaceae), a new species from New Caledonia. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42, 747–751.
Dracophyllum mackeeanum (Ericaceae), a new species from New Caledonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Venter S (2004b) Dracophyllum elegantissimum (Ericaceae), a new species from northwest Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 42, 37–43.
Dracophyllum elegantissimum (Ericaceae), a new species from northwest Nelson, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Virot R (1975) Epacridacées. Flora de la Nouvelle Calédonie et Dépendances 6, 106–160.

Volkov IV, Volkova II (2015) More than just a plant: cushion plants as biodiversity protectors in high mountains of Siberia. The International Journal of Environmental Studies 72, 474–489.
More than just a plant: cushion plants as biodiversity protectors in high mountains of Siberia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wagstaff SJ, Dawson MI, Venter S, Munzinger J, Crayn DM, Steane DA, Lemson KL (2010) Origin, diversification, and classification of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97, 235–258.
Origin, diversification, and classification of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wardle P (1964) Facets of the distribution of forest vegetation in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 2, 352–366.
Facets of the distribution of forest vegetation in New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wardle P (1987) Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) in the Chatham and sub Antarctic islands of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 25, 107–114.
Dracophyllum (Epacridaceae) in the Chatham and sub Antarctic islands of New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wardle P (2002) ‘Vegetation of New Zealand.’ (The Blackburn Press: Caldwell, NJ, USA)

Wood J, Wilmhurst J, Newnham R, McGlone M (2017) Evolution and ecological change during the New Zealand Quaternary. In ‘Landscape and Quaternary Environmental Change in New Zealand’. (Ed. J Schulmeister) Atlantis Advances in Quaternary Science, pp. 235–291. (Atlantis Press: Paris, France)