An environmentally friendly method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different soil typologies
Flavia De Nicola
A D , Estefanía Concha-Graña B , Enrica Picariello A , Valeria Memoli C , Giulia Maisto C , Purificación López-Mahía B and Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Dip. Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
B Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Dep. Química, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
C Dip. Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
D Corresponding author. Email: fdenicol@unisannio.it
Environmental Chemistry 16(7) 517-528 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN19073
Submitted: 4 March 2019 Accepted: 23 May 2019 Published: 26 June 2019
Environmental context. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread organic pollutants that tend to accumulate in soil. We developed an environmentally friendly analytical method for PAHs to evaluate human health risks associated with their presence in soils. The method is feasible for the analysis of soils with widely varying PAH contamination levels, and is well suited to environmental monitoring studies of relevance to human health.
Abstract. A microwave-assisted extraction, with a dispersive solid-phase purification step followed by programmed temperature vaporisation–gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, is proposed as an environmentally friendly, simple and cheap analytical method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. Different extraction and clean-up operating variables were tested to achieve satisfactory analytical performances: trueness from 92 to 114 %, limit of quantification (LOQ) from 0.4 to 2 µg kg−1 for most PAHs and intermediate precision, calculated as relative standard deviation (RSD), below 10 %. The method was validated using both Certified Reference Material and real soil samples collected at sites subjected to different human activities. PAH contents ranged from 0.11 (in holm oak forest soil) to 1 mg kg−1 d.w. (in an industrial soil) according to the anthropic gradient. The soil PAH contents measured were used to estimate the risk to human health, which suggested the exposure to the PAHs in soil as a potential risk for human health, especially at the industrial site. The feasibility of the method for soils with different PAH contamination degrees makes it relevant in monitoring programs.
Additional keywords: B[a]Peq, dispersive SPE, microwave extraction, risk assessment.
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