Enriched enzymes and crosstalking KEGG pathways in the rhizospheric soil fungiome of the wild plant Moringa oleifera

Rewaa S. Jalal; Abeer S. Aloufi; Abeer Al-Andal; Nahaa M. Alotaibi; Haneen W. Abuauf; Fatimah M. Alshehrei; Mohammed Y. Refai; Sahar A. Alshareef; Alaa A. Alnahari; Fatmah O. Sefrji; Abeer M. Almutrafy; Aala A. Abulfaraj

doi:10.1071/FP24297

RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 52(7)

Enriched enzymes and crosstalking KEGG pathways in the rhizospheric soil fungiome of the wild plant Moringa oleifera

Rewaa S. Jalal

^A ^* , Abeer S. Aloufi ^B , Abeer Al-Andal

^C , Nahaa M. Alotaibi ^B , Haneen W. Abuauf ^D , Fatimah M. Alshehrei ^E , Mohammed Y. Refai ^A , Sahar A. Alshareef ^F , Alaa A. Alnahari ^A , Fatmah O. Sefrji ^G , Abeer M. Almutrafy ^G and Aala A. Abulfaraj

^H ^*

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah21493, Saudi Arabia. Email: mrefai@uj.edu.sa, aamalnahari@uj.edu.sa

^B Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh11671, Saudi Arabia. Email: asaloufi@pnu.edu.sa, namiAlOtaibi@pnu.edu.sa

^C Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha61413, Saudi Arabia. Email: amrazn@kku.edu.sa

^D Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah24381, Saudi Arabia. Email: hwabuauf@uqu.edu.sa

^E Department of Biology, Jumum College University, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. Box 7388, Makkah21955, Saudi Arabia. Email: fmshehrei@uqu.edu.sa

^F Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah21921, Saudi Arabia. Email: salshareef2@uj.edu.sa

^G Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. Email: fsefrji@taibahu.edu.sa, Amutrafi@taibahu.edu.sa

^H Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh21911, Saudi Arabia.

^* Correspondence to: rsjalal@uj.edu.sa, aaabulfaraj@kau.edu.sa

Handling Editor: Muhammad Zaheer

Functional Plant Biology 52, FP24297 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP24297

Submitted: 22 November 2024 Accepted: 5 June 2025 Published: 24 June 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

We aimed to identify the genes encoding predominant KEGG enzymes within the rhizospheric soil fungiome of Moringa oleifera. We also aimed to uncover how the rhizospheric fungiome drives intricate biochemical networks that bolster soil health, plant vitality, nutrient cycling, metabolic efficiency and resilience to environmental stress. These findings offer valuable insights that could enhance the efficacy of innovative agricultural practices. Previous research has focused on the role of soil microbiomes, including both bacteriomes and fungiomes, in the ecological dynamics of native and cultivated plants. The rhizospheric fungiome plays a critical role in plant health by suppressing pathogens, decomposing plant residues and facilitating nutrient assimilation in various environmental conditions. Fungal taxa from the phylum Mucoromycota, including Rhizophagus, Mucor ambiguus, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Mortierella elongata, Absidia glauca, Mucor circinelloides and the taxon Basidiobolus meristosporus from Zoopagomycota, were identified as primary hosts of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)-enriched enzymes in the rhizospheric soil of M. oleifera. These enzymes participate in crosstalk pathways within KEGG categories such as ‘Metabolism’, ‘Genetic Information Processing’, and ‘Environmental Information Processing’. These fungal enzymes contribute to the biosynthesis of critical metabolites, including carbamoyl-P, lipoyllysine, acetyl-CoA, isoleucine, valine and nucleotides (dADP, dGDP, dCDP, dUDP) that are essential for cellular functions such as DNA repair, replication and transcription. The symbiotic relationship between these enzymes and plant roots regulates nitrogen levels in the rhizosphere and supports mitochondrial stability. Metabolites also aid in cellular development, membrane metabolism, plant signal transduction and energy metabolism, including fueling the citric acid cycle. Our findings highlight the potential of crosstalking pathways in the rhizospheric fungiome of M. oleifera to enhance energy metabolism and maintain plant cell integrity. We propose that this research can serve as a foundation for advancing sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords: Acetyl-CoA, BCAA, carbamoyl-phosphate, DNA replication and repair, energy metabolism, fatty acids, Mucor ambiguus, Rhizophagus, symbiotic relationship.

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