Effects of shading on physiological characteristics of Bletilla striata
Hanyue Xue A # , Xiaoxuan Zeng A # , Liu Yang A # , Miao Xiong A , Xiaoyu Ming A , Xiantong Wang A , Xuan Yang A , Xiaoyu Wang A , Fuwen Luo A , Chao Zhang B and Xiaofang Yu
A *
A
B
# These authors contributed equally to this paper
Handling Editor: Suleyman Allakhverdiev
Abstract
Bletilla striata is a ground cover plant that thrives in cool, humid environments. It has potential horticultural and ecological applications that can benefit from optimising outdoor cultivation techniques by understanding its light requirements and adaptive mechanisms. This study examined the impact of different shading levels on the growth and photosynthetic responses of B. striata. The results showed moderate shading improved growth, increased chlorophyll content, and reduced oxidative stress. Seasonal variation in water availability also influenced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity, particularly during periods of reduced water supply. Moreover, moderate shading enhanced photosynthetic performance by increasing the electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), effectively mitigating photoinhibition. In summary, moderate shading enhances the growth and stress tolerance of B. striata, establishing a scientific foundation for improving cultivation practices in horticultural and ecological contexts.
Keywords: antioxidant enzyme activity, environmental adaptation, light intensity, optimization, photosynthesis, physiological properties, reactive oxygen species, shading treatment.
References
Akhter MS, Noreen S, Ummara U, Aqeel M, Saleem N, Ahmed MM, Mahmood S, Athar H-u-R, Alyemeni MN, Kaushik P, Ahmad P (2022) Silicon-induced mitigation of NaCl stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), associated with enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Plants 11(8), 2379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Anderson CM, Mattoon EM, Zhang N, Becker E, McHargue W, Yang J, Patel D, Dautermann O, McAdam SAM, Tarin TJ, Pathak S, Avenson TJ, Berry J, Braud M, Niyogi KK, Wilson M, Nusinow DA, Vargas R, Czymmek KJ, Eveland AL, Zhang R (2021) High light and temperature reduce photosynthetic efficiency through different mechanisms in the C4 model Setaria viridis. Communications Biology 4(1), 1092.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ashworth EN, Stirm VE, Volenec JJ (1993) Seasonal variations in soluble sugars and starch within woody stems of Cornus sericea L. Tree Physiology 13(4), 379-388.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Barrs HD, Weatherley PE (1962) A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15, 413-428.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cao Y, Zhou B, Chen S (2014) Effects of water stress on physiological characteristics of different Illicium lanceolatum ecotypes under low light intensity. Acta Ecologica Sinica 34(4), 814-822.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Çavuşoğlu D (2023) Modulation of NaCl-induced osmotic, cytogenetic, oxidative and anatomic damages by coronatine treatment in onion (Allium cepa L.). Scientific Reports 13(1), 1580.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chen Q, Yang G (2020) Signal function studies of ROS, especially RBOH-dependent ROS, in plant growth, development and environmental stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 39, 157-171.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chen Q, Zhao X, Lei D, Hu S, Shen Z, Shen W, Xu X (2017) Hydrogen-rich water pretreatment alters photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidant activities in heat-stressed cucumber leaves. Plant Growth Regulation 83, 69-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chen Z, Cheng L, He Y, Wei X (2018) Extraction, characterization, utilization as wound dressing and drug delivery of Bletilla striata polysaccharide: a review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120, 2076-2085.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cheng Y, Liu H, Tong X, Liu Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wu F, Jiang XM, Yu XH (2021) Effects of shading on triterpene saponin accumulation and related gene expression of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 160, 166-174.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dang K, Gong X, Liang H, Guo S, Zhang S, Feng B (2023) Phosphorous fertilization alleviates shading stress by regulating leaf photosynthesis and the antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 196, 1111-1121.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dann M, Ortiz EM, Thomas M, Guljamow A, Lehmann M, Schaefer H, Leister DJ (2021) Enhancing photosynthesis at high light levels by adaptive laboratory evolution. Nature Plants 7(5), 681-695.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Davidson AM, Le ST, Cooper KB, Lange E, Zwieniecki MA (2021) No time to rest: seasonal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in twigs of three Mediterranean tree species suggest year-round activity. Scientific Reports 11(1), 5181.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Deng Y, Jia X, Sun X, Liang L, Su J (2018) Comparison of jasmine antioxidant system responses to different degrees and durations of shade. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 40(2), 41.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ding L, Zhao HM, Zeng WJ, Li Q, Wang Y, Wang SQ (2017) Physiological responses of five plants in northwest China arid area under drought stress. The Journal of Applied Ecology 28, 1455-1463.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dong S-K, Dong Y-C, Yang L, Qin X-Y, Wang W-J, Cui G-W, Liu L-J (2020) Effects of drought stress and re-watering on osmotic adjustment ability and yield of soybean. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University 27(3), 1-8.
| Google Scholar |
Dos Reis CHG, da Silva PN, de Castro EM, Pereira FJ (2024) Tolerance to mild shading levels in cattail as related to increased photosynthesis and changes in its leaf area and anatomy. Journal of Plant Research 137, 627-640.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dumanović J, Nepovimova E, Natić M, Kuča K, Jaćević V (2021) The significance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense system in plants: a concise overview. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 552969.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Fang H, Jiang J, Li M (2011) Effects of light intensities endogenous hormones of Bletilla striata during acclimatization. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 36(21), 2941-2944.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Fang F, Bai S, Zhou G, Wang Y, Xie Y (2012) Effects of shading on growth of phyllostachys pubescens. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 40, 11-27.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Feng X, Sun Y, Fan Y, Zhang Q, Bu X, Gao DM (2024) Integrated physiological, transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis revealed the molecular mechanism of Bupleurum chinense seedlings to drought stress. PLoS ONE 19(6), e0304503.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Field KJ, George R, Fearn B, Quick WP, Davey MP (2013) Best of both worlds: simultaneous high-light and shade-tolerance adaptations within individual leaves of the living stone Lithops aucampiae. PLoS ONE 8(10), e75671.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Friedland N, Negi S, Vinogradova-Shah T, Wu G, Ma L, Flynn S, Kumssa T, Lee C-H, Sayre RT (2019) Fine-tuning the photosynthetic light harvesting apparatus for improved photosynthetic efficiency and biomass yield. Scientific Reports 9, 13028.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gokce A, Sekmen Cetinel AH, Turkan I (2024) Involvement of GLR-mediated nitric oxide effects on ROS metabolism in Arabidopsis plants under salt stress. Journal of Plant Research 137, 485-503.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gommers CMM, Visser EJW, St Onge KR, Voesenek LACJ, Pierik R (2013) Shade tolerance: when growing tall is not an option. Trends in Plant Science 18(2), 65-71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Guo QS, Wang YR, Zhang XX, Jin M (2010) Effects of light intensity on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium at vegetative stage. China Journal of Chinese Matera Medica 35(5), 561-564.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Guo Z, Jiang J, Dong L, Sun X, Chen J, Xie F, Chen Y (2022) Shade responses of prostrate and upright turf-type bermudagrasses. Grass Research 2, 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Han C, Yu M, Wang Q, Wang L, Yang H, Zhao Y, Dong H (2020a) Leaf structure and seed histochemistry analyses provided structural insights into the improved yield and quality of tree peony seed under light shading conditions. Scientific Reports 10, 4328.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Han L-M, Hua W-P, Cao X-Y, Yan J-A, Chen C, Wang Z-Z (2020b) Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Gene 742, 144603.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Harbol SC, Long RW, Medeiros JS (2023) Juniperus virginiana sourced from colder climates maintain higher ratios of soluble sugars to starch during cold acclimation. Tree Physiology 44(13), 106-118.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hasanuzzaman M, Raihan MRH, Masud AAC, Rahman K, Nowroz F, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2021) Regulation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense in plants under salinity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(17), 9326.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Inada N, Koike T (2015) Effects of ozone-induced stomatal closure on ozone uptake and its changes due to leaf age in sun and shade leaves of Siebold’s beech. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 71(3), 218-226.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Huang D, Wu L, Chen JR, Dong L (2011) Morphological plasticity, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of Athyrium pachyphlebium at different shade levels. Photosynthetica 49(4), 611-618.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Huang C, Wei G, Jie Y, Wang L, Zhou H, Ran C, Huang Z, Jia H, Anjum SA (2014) Effects of concentrations of sodium chloride on photosynthesis, antioxidative enzymes, growth and fiber yield of hybrid ramie. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 76, 86-93.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Huang W, Zhang S-B, Liu T (2018) Moderate photoinhibition of photosystem II significantly affects linear electron flow in the shade-demanding plant Panax notoginseng. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 637.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hussain I, Rasheed R, Ashraf MA, Mohsin M, Shah SMA, Rashid DA, Akram M, Nisar J, Riaz M (2020) Foliar applied acetylsalicylic acid induced growth and key-biochemical changes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Dose-Response 18(4), 1559325820956801.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ishida S, Morita KI, Kishine M, Takabayashi A, Murakami R, Takeda S, Shimamoto K, Sato F, Endo T (2011) Allocation of absorbed light energy in PSII to thermal dissipations in the presence or absence of PsbS subunits of rice. Plant and Cell Physiology 52(10), 1822-1831.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Jiang S, Wang M, Jiang L, Xie Q, Yuan H, Yang Y, Zafar S, Liu Y, Jian Y, Li B, Wang W (2021) The medicinal uses of the genus Bletilla in traditional Chinese medicine: a phytochemical and pharmacological review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 280, 114263.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kalaji HM, Carpentier R, Allakhverdiev SI, Bosa K (2012) Fluorescence parameters as early indicators of light stress in barley. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 112, 1-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kappachery S, AlHosani M, Khan TA, AlKharoossi SN, AlMansoori N, AlShehhi SAS, AlMansoori H, AlKarbi M, Sasi S, Karumannil S, Elangovan SK, Shah I, Gururani MA (2024) Modulation of antioxidant defense and PSII components by exogenously applied acetate mitigates salinity stress in Avena sativa. Scientific Reports 14(1), 620.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kiran BR, Mohan SV (2021) Photosynthetic transients in Chlorella sorokiniana during phycoremediation of dairy wastewater under distinct light intensities. Bioresource Technology 340, 125593.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kwon KW, Jang WY, Kim JW, Noh JK, Yi D-K, Cho JY (2023) Anti-inflammatory effect of Meriania hexamera sprague by targeting Syk Kinase in NF-κB signaling. Plants 12(17), 3044.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li HW, Jiang D, Wollenweber B, Dai TB, Cao WX (2010) Effects of shading on morphology, physiology and grain yield of winter wheat. European Journal of agronomy 33(4), 267-275.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li Y, He N, Hou J, Xu L, Liu C, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang X, Wu X (2018) Factors influencing leaf chlorophyll content in natural forests at the biome scale. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 6, 64.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li T, Wang R, Zhao D, Jun T (2020) Effects of drought stress on physiological responses and gene expression changes in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.). Plant Signaling & Behavior 15(5), 1746034.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Li J, Bai X, Ran F, Zhang C, Yan Y, Li P, Chen H (2024) Effects of combined extreme cold and drought stress on growth, photosynthesis, and physiological characteristics of cool-season grasses. Scientific Reports 14, 116.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liao L, Dong T, Qiu X, Rong Y, Sun G, Wang Z, Zhu J (2019) Antioxidant enzyme activity and growth responses of Huangguogan citrus cultivar to nitrogen supplementation. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 83(10), 1924-1936.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu N, Lin Z, Guan L, Gaughan G, Lin G (2014) Antioxidant enzymes regulate reactive oxygen species during pod elongation in Pisum sativum and Brassica chinensis. PLoS ONE 9(2), e87588.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu Y, Wang T, Fang S, Zhou M, Qin J (2018a) Responses of morphology, gas exchange, photochemical activity of photosystem II, and antioxidant balance in Cyclocarya paliurus to light spectra. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 1704.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu C, Guo X, Wang K, Sun Y, Li W, Liu Q, Liu Q (2018b) Nitrogen deposition does not alleviate the adverse effects of shade on Camellia japonica (Naidong) seedlings. PLoS ONE 13(8), e0201896.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu Q, Huang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wen Z, Liu B, Tigabu M (2020) Responses of leaf morphology, NSCs contents and C:N:P stoichiometry of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba to shading. BMC Plant Biology 20, 354.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Liu B, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Sui Y, Zhu H, Shi Y, Sui X, Li Y, Jiang X (2023) Insights into the changes in leaf functional traits of Aralia elata grown under different shading treatments. Plant Growth Regulation 101, 679-691.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lu ZG, Zhang CQ, Zhou WJ (2003) Effect of light on membrane metabolism and protective system of taxus media. Journal of Chongqing University 26, 89-92.
| Google Scholar |
Ma XD, Jiang Q, Li WY (2019) Study on extraction of active ingredients in Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f. Journal of Green Science and Technology 18, 176-179.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ma X, Tang K, Tang Z, Dong A, Meng Y, Wang P (2021) Organ-specific, integrated omics data-based study on the metabolic pathways of the medicinal plant Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). BMC Plant Biology 21, 504.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Morelli L, Paulišić S, Qin W, Iglesias-Sanchez A, Roig-Villanova I, Florez-Sarasa I, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Martinez-Garcia JF (2021) Light signals generated by vegetation shade facilitate acclimation to low light in shade-avoider plants. Plant Physiology 186(4), 2137-2151.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Nawaz R, Abbasi NA, Hafiz IA, Khalid A (2020) Impact of climate variables on growth and development of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) grown at different ecological zones under climate change scenario. Scientia Horticulturae 260, 108868.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Nyarobi HA, Ngondya IB, Munishi LK (2022) The effects of extreme climate on the invasive plant Gutenbergia cordifolia: implications for its future management in savannah ecosystems. Heliyon 8(3), e09172.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pastenes C, Pimentel P, Lillo J (2005) Leaf movements and photoinhibition in relation to water stress in field-grown beans. Journal of Experimental Botany 56(411), 425-433.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Peng LL, Liu XD, Liu H, Liu XW (2019) Tissue culture and rapid propagation of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. Chinese Wild Plant Resources 5, 65.
| Google Scholar |
Porra RJ (2002) The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous Equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research 73, 149-156.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Radušienė J, Karpavičienė B, Stanius Ž (2012) Effect of external and internal factors on secondary metabolites accumulation in St. John’s worth. Botanica Lithuanica 18(2), 101-108.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Roman M, Li MY, Yuan JZ, Rehman M, Liu LJ (2024) Dynamics of industrial hemp vegetative growth and metabolite accumulation in response to light intensity. South African Journal of Botany 169, 82-94.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sano T, Horie H, Matsunaga A, Hirono Y (2018) Effect of shading intensity on morphological and color traits and on chemical components of new tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots under direct covering cultivation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98(15), 5666-5676.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Saure MC (2014) Why calcium deficiency is not the cause of blossom-end rot in tomato and pepper fruit – a reappraisal. Scientia Horticulturae 174, 151-154.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Schneider JR, Caverzan A, Chavarria G (2019) Water deficit stress, ROS involvement, and plant performance. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 65(8), 1160-1181.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Schütz M, Fangmeier A (2001) Growth and yield responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) to elevated CO2 and water limitation. Environmental Pollution 114(2), 187-194.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shuang S-P, Zhang J-Y, Cun Z, Wu H-M, Hong J, Chen J-W (2022) A comparison of photoprotective mechanism in different light-demanding plants under dynamic light conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 819843.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Solhaug KA, Asplund J, Gauslaa Y (2021) Apparent electron transport rate – a non-invasive proxy of photosynthetic CO2 uptake in lichens. Planta 253(1), 14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Song KS, Jeon KS, Choi KS, Kim CH, Park YB, Kim JJ (2015) Characteristics of photosynthesis and leaf growth of peucedanum japonicum by leaf mold and shading level in forest farming. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science 23(1), 43-48.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sun H, Zhang S-B, Liu T, Huang W (2020a) Decreased photosystem II activity facilitates acclimation to fluctuating light in the understory plant Paris polyphylla. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1861(2), 148135.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sun Y, Wang C, Chen HYH, Ruan H (2020b) Response of plants to water stress: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 978.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Takács Z, Poór P, Borbély P, Czékus Z, Szalai G, Tari I (2018) H2O2 homeostasis in wild-type and ethylene-insensitive Never ripe tomato in response to salicylic acid treatment in normal photoperiod and in prolonged darkness. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 126, 74-85.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Tang X, Liu G, Jiang J, Lei C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu X (2020) Effects of growth irradiance on photosynthesis and photorespiration of Phoebe bournei leaves. Functional Plant Biology 47(12), 1053-1061.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Vanhoudt N, Horemans N, Wannijn J, Nauts R, Van Hees M, Vandenhove H (2014) Primary stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to gamma radiation. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 129, 1-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wang X, Wang L, Shangguan Z (2016) Leaf gas exchange and fluorescence of two winter wheat varieties in response to drought stress and nitrogen supply. PLoS ONE 11(11), e0165733.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wang X, Wu X, Ding G, Yang F, Yong T, Wang X, Yang W (2020) Analysis of grain yield differences among soybean cultivars under maize–soybean intercropping. Agronomy 10(1), 110.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wang X, Chen G, Du S, Wu H, Fu R, Yu X (2021a) light intensity influence on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of horsfieldia hainanensis. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9, 636804.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wang Y-B, Huang R-D, Zhou Y-F (2021b) Effects of shading stress during the reproductive stages on photosynthetic physiology and yield characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.). Journal of Integrative Agriculture 20(5), 1250-1265.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wen B-X, Hussain S, Yang J-Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Qin S-S, Xu M, Yang W-Y, Liu W-G (2020) Rejuvenating soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 19(10), 2439-2450.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wu H-Y, Liu L-A, Shi L, Zhang W-F, Jiang C-D (2021) Photosynthetic acclimation during low-light-induced leaf senescence in post-anthesis maize plants. Photosynthesis Research 150, 313-326.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Xu Z, Zhou G, Han G, Li Y (2011b) Photosynthetic potential and its association with lipid peroxidation in response to high temperature at different leaf ages in maize. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 30, 41-50.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Xue W, Li X (2017) Moderate shade environment facilitates establishment of desert phreatophytic species Alhagi sparsifolia seedlings by enlarge fine root biomass. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 39, 7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yang H, Dong B, Wang Y, Qiao Y, Shi C, Jin L, Liu M (2020) Photosynthetic base of reduced grain yield by shading stress during the early reproductive stage of two wheat cultivars. Scientific Reports 10(1), 14353.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yang Y-J, Tan S-L, Sun H, Huang J-L, Huang W, Zhang S-B (2021) Photosystem I is tolerant to fluctuating light under moderate heat stress in two orchids Dendrobium officinale and Bletilla striata. Plant Science 303, 110795.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yang Z, Zhang Y, Ding Q, Xing H, Wang H, Meng X, Fan H, Yu Y, Cui N (2025) The role of TOR in response to chilling stress in the Solanum lycopersicum L. Plant Growth Regulation 105, 1-15.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yao X, Zhou H, Zhu Q, Li C, Zhang H, Wu J-J, Xie F (2017) Photosynthetic response of soybean leaf to wide light-fluctuation in maize-soybean intercropping system. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 1695.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yetik AK, Candoğan BN (2023) Chlorophyll response to water stress and the potential of using crop water stress index in sugar beet farming. Sugar Tech 25(1), 57-68.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zafar SA, Uzair M, Khan MR, Patil SB, Fang J, Zhao J, Singla-Pareek SL, Pareek A, Li X (2021) DPS1 regulates cuticle development and leaf senescence in rice. Food and Energy Security 10(1), e273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang YB, Liu AR, Zhang XP, Huang SC (2018) Effects of shading on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Begonia semperflorens. Pakistan Journal of Botany 50(6), 2173-2179.
| Google Scholar |
Zhang M, Han T-T, Hu C-F, Bai Y, Fan Z-P, Hong L (2019a) Industrialization condition and sustainable development strategies of Bletillae Rhizoma. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 50(20), 5103-5108.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang Z, Cao B, Gao S, Xu K (2019b) Grafting improves tomato drought tolerance through enhancing photosynthetic capacity and reducing ROS accumulation. Protoplasma 256, 1013-1024.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang Y, He N, Yu G (2021) Opposing shifts in distributions of chlorophyll concentration and composition in grassland under warming. Scientific Reports 11, 15736.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhao SJ, Xu CC, Zou Q, Meng QW (1994) ) Improvements of method formeasurement of malondialdehyde in plant tissues. Plant Physiology Communications 30, 207-210.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhao HY, Liu GH, He XD, Chen C (2013) Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic of seedlings of MangLietia yuyuanensis. Journal of Northeast Forestry University 41, 1-5.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhao G, Li K, Chen J, Li L (2018) Protective effect of extract of Bletilla striata on isoflurane induced neuronal injury by altering PI3K/Akt pathway. Translational Neuroscience 9(1), 183-189.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhou Q, Zhao F, Zhang H, Zhu Z (2022) Responses of the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, endogenous hormones and antioxidant activity of Carpinus betulus L. seedlings to different light intensities. Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1055984.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
