Nitric oxide regulates water status, antioxidant enzymes, nutritional balance, and growth of gazania under drought stress

Muhammad Ahsan; Aasma Tufail; Aftab Jamal; Hatim Al-Yasi; Emanuele Radicetti; Muhammad Ammar Raza; Ali Bakhsh; Mateen Sajid; Zaibun-Nisa Memon; Mohammad Valipour

Just Accepted

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Nitric oxide regulates water status, antioxidant enzymes, nutritional balance, and growth of gazania under drought stress

Muhammad Ahsan , Aasma Tufail, Aftab Jamal , Hatim Al-Yasi, Emanuele Radicetti, Muhammad Ammar Raza, Ali Bakhsh, Mateen Sajid, Zaibun-Nisa Memon, Mohammad Valipour

Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive molecule that plays a crucial role in modifying the metabolic systems of plants and activating plant defense systems against environmental stresses such as drought. In this study, we investigated the impacts of exogenously supplemented sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, on drought tolerance and physio-biochemical mechanisms mediated by NO that influence nutrient contents and growth of gazania (Gazania rigens L.). Potted plants at the four-leaf stage were arranged under lath house conditions according to a two-factor factorial setup with four replications. The plants were treated with a foliar spray of SNP (100 µM) under two watering conditions: 50% field capacity (drought stress) and 100% field capacity (normal watering). The results revealed that water deficiency significantly reduced gaseous exchange, chlorophyll pigments, water relations, NO, and proline contents. However, supplementation with NO increased proline levels and antioxidant enzyme activities, leading to improved photosynthesis, water relations, and drought tolerance by reducing lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide levels. Furthermore, the enhanced NO levels from SNP treatment promoted the accumulation of essential nutrients resulting in improved growth and biomass in gazania plants. Our results indicated that SNP supplementation can boost gaseous exchange (21-53%), chlorophyll pigments (30-70%), water status (12-31%), antioxidant enzyme activities (19-52%), nutrient uptake (22-36%), and flower yield (49%), potentially mitigating the negative effects of water deficiency in gazanias under drought stress. These findings suggest that foliar application of NO donors like SNP could be a practical and eco-friendly strategy to improve drought resilience and productivity of ornamental plants, especially in water-limited urban landscaping and nursery production systems.

FP25092 Accepted 25 June 2025