Register      Login
International Journal of Wildland Fire International Journal of Wildland Fire Society
Journal of the International Association of Wildland Fire
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Fire history in Andean AraucariaNothofagus forests: coupled influences of past human land-use and climate on fire regimes in north-west Patagonia

Mauro E. González A B F , Ariel A. Muñoz B C , Álvaro González-Reyes D , Duncan A. Christie A B and Jason Sibold E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.

B Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Santiago, Chile.

C Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.

D Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile.

E Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.

F Corresponding author. Email: maurogonzalez@uach.cl

International Journal of Wildland Fire 29(8) 649-660 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF19174
Submitted: 16 October 2019  Accepted: 11 April 2020   Published: 7 May 2020

Journal Compilation © IAWF 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND

Abstract

Historical fire regimes are critical for understanding the potential effects of changing climate and human land-use on forest landscapes. Fire is a major disturbance process affecting the Andean Araucaria forest landscape in north-west Patagonia. The main goals of this study were to reconstruct the fire history of the Andean AraucariaNothofagus forests and to evaluate the coupled influences of climate and humans on fire regimes. Reconstructions of past fires indicated that the Araucaria forest landscape has been shaped by widespread, stand-replacing fires favoured by regional interannual climate variability related to major tropical and extratropical climate drivers in the southern hemisphere. Summer precipitation and streamflow reconstructions tended to be below average during fire years. Fire events were significantly related to positive phases of the Southern Annular Mode and to warm and dry summers following El Niño events. Although Euro-Chilean settlement (1883–1960) resulted in widespread burning, cattle ranching by Pehuenche Native Americans during the 18th and 19th centuries also appears to have changed the fire regime. In the context of climate change, two recent widespread wildfires (2002 and 2015) affecting Araucaria forests appear to be novel and an early indication of a climate change driven shift in fire regimes in north-west Patagonia.

Additional keywords: climate variability, dendroecology, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Native Americans, Southern Annular Mode, tree-rings.


References

Allen CD (2002) Lots of lightning and plenty of people: an ecological history of fire in the upland Southwest. In ‘Fire, native peoples, and the natural landscape.’ (Ed. TR Vale) pp. 143–193 (Island Press: Washington DC)

Arno SF, Sneck KM (1977) A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests of the mountain west. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report INT-42. (Tucson, AZ, USA)

Assal TJ, González ME, Sibold J (2018) Burn severity controls on post-fire Araucaria-Nothofagus regeneration in the Andean Cordillera. Journal of Biogeography 45, 2483–2494.
Burn severity controls on post-fire Araucaria-Nothofagus regeneration in the Andean Cordillera.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bengoa J (Ed) (2000) ‘Historia del Pueblo Mapuche: siglo XIX y XX.’ (Editorial Lom: Santiago, Chile).

Bengoa J (Ed) (2003) ‘Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur.’ (Catalonia Ltda: Santiago, Chile).

Blarquez O, Vannière B, Marlon JR, Daniau AL, Power MJ, Brewer S, Bartlein PJ (2014) Paleofire: an R package to analyse sedimentary charcoal records from the Global Charcoal Database to reconstruct past biomass burning. Computers & Geosciences 72, 255–261.
Paleofire: an R package to analyse sedimentary charcoal records from the Global Charcoal Database to reconstruct past biomass burning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bowman D, Moreira-Muñoz A, Kolden C, Chávez R, Muñoz A, Salinas F, González A, Rocco R, De la Barrera F, Williamson G, Borchers N, Cifuentes L, Abatzoglou J, Johnston F (2019) Human–environmental drivers and impacts of the globally extreme 2017 Chilean fires. Ambio 48, 350–362.
Human–environmental drivers and impacts of the globally extreme 2017 Chilean fires.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30128860PubMed |

Burns B (1991) Regeneration dynamics of Araucaria araucana. PhD thesis, Department of Geography, University of Colorado (Boulder, CO)

Casertano L (1963) General characteristics of active Andean volcanoes and summary of their activities during recent centuries. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 53, 1415–1433.

Christie DA, Boninsegna JA, Cleaveland MK, Lara A, LeQuesne C, Morales MS, Mudelsee M, Stahle DW, Villalba R (2011) Aridity changes in the Temperate-Mediterranean transition of the Andes since AD 1346 reconstructed from treerings. Climate Dynamics 36, 1505–1521.
Aridity changes in the Temperate-Mediterranean transition of the Andes since AD 1346 reconstructed from treerings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Coogan S, Robinne FN, Jain P, Flannigan MD (2019) Scientists warning on wildfire: a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Scientists warning on wildfire: a Canadian perspective.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Echegoyen H (1915) Sobre el roce a fuego y la explotación libre de los bosques en el sur de Chile. Revista Geográfica de Chile 14, 358–392.

Falk DA, McKenzie D, Miller C, Black AE (2007) Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes. Ecosystems 10, 809–823.
Cross-scale analysis of fire regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Farris CA, Baisan CH, Falk DA, Van Horne ML, Fulé PZ, Swetnam TW (2013) A comparison of targeted and systematic fire-scar sampling for estimating historical fire frequency in south-western ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, 1021–1033.
A comparison of targeted and systematic fire-scar sampling for estimating historical fire frequency in south-western ponderosa pine forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fernández A, Muñoz A, González-Reyes A, Aguilera-Betti I, Toledo I, Puchi P, Sauchyn D, Crespo S, Frene C, Mundo I, González ME, Vignola R (2018) Dendrohydrology and water resources management in south-central Chile: lessons from the Río Imperial streamflow reconstruction. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, 2921–2935.
Dendrohydrology and water resources management in south-central Chile: lessons from the Río Imperial streamflow reconstruction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fyfe JC (2003) Separating extratropical zonal wind variability and mean change. Journal of Climate 16, 863–874.
Separating extratropical zonal wind variability and mean change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garreaud R (2007) Precipitation and circulation covariability in the extratropics. Journal of Climate 20, 4789–4797.
Precipitation and circulation covariability in the extratropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garreaud RD, Vuille M, Compagnucci R, Marengo J (2009) Present-day South American climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 281, 180–195.
Present-day South American climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garreaud R, Alvarez-Garreton C, Barichivich J, Boisier JP, Christie DA, Galleguillos M, LeQuesne C, McPhee J, Zambrano-Bigiarini M (2017) The 2010–2015 mega drought in Central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
The 2010–2015 mega drought in Central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Goicovich F (2005) Un informe inédito de Jerónimo Pietas sobre los indios del Reino de Chile, 1719. Departamento de Ciencias Históricas, Universidad de Chile. Cuadernos de Historia (Santiago, Chile) 24, 207–224.

González ME, Lara A (2015) Large fires in the Andean Araucaria forests: when a natural ecological process becomes a threat. The International Journal of Conservation 49, 394
Large fires in the Andean Araucaria forests: when a natural ecological process becomes a threat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

González ME, Veblen TT (2006) Climatic influences on fire in Araucaria araucana-Nothofagus forests in the Andean cordillera of south-central Chile. Ecoscience 13, 342–350.
Climatic influences on fire in Araucaria araucana-Nothofagus forests in the Andean cordillera of south-central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

González ME, Veblen TT, Sibold J (2005) Fire history of Araucaria-Nothofagus forests in Villarrica Nacional Park, Chile. Journal of Biogeography 32, 1187–1202.
Fire history of Araucaria-Nothofagus forests in Villarrica Nacional Park, Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

González ME, Veblen TT, Sibold JS (2010) Influence of fire severity on stand development of Araucaria araucanaNothofagus pumilio stands in the Andean cordillera of south-central Chile. Austral Ecology 35, 597–615.
Influence of fire severity on stand development of Araucaria araucanaNothofagus pumilio stands in the Andean cordillera of south-central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

González ME, Cortes M, Gallo L, Bekessy S, Echeverría C, Izquierdo F, Montaldo P (2013) Coníferas chilenas: Araucaria araucana. In ‘Las especies arbóreas de los bosques Templados de Chile y Argentina. Autoecología.’ (Ed. C Donoso) 2da edición, pp. 36–53 (Ediciones Marisa Cuneo: Valdivia, Chile)

González ME, Gómez-González S, Lara A, Garreaud R, Díaz-Hormazábal I (2018) The 2010–2015 Megadrought and its influence on the fire regime in central and south-central Chile. Ecosphere
The 2010–2015 Megadrought and its influence on the fire regime in central and south-central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grissino-Mayer HD (1995) Tree-ring reconstructions of climate and fire at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico. PhD thesis, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)

Hanes C, Wang X, Jain P, Parisien M-A, Little J, Flannigan M (2019) Fire regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, 256–269.
Fire regime changes in Canada over the last half century.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Heusser CJ, Rabassa J, Brandani A, Stuckenrath R (1988) Late-Holocene vegetation of the Andean Araucaria region, Province of Neuquén, Argentina. Mountain Research and Development 8, 53–63.
Late-Holocene vegetation of the Andean Araucaria region, Province of Neuquén, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holmes RL (1983) Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin 44, 69–75.

Holz A, Kitzberger T, Veblen TT, Paritsis J (2012) Ecological and climatic controls of modern wildfire activity patterns across southwestern South America. Ecosphere 3, 1–25.
Ecological and climatic controls of modern wildfire activity patterns across southwestern South America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holz A, Paritsis J, Mundo I, Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Williamson G, Aráoz G, Bustos-Schindler C, González ME, Grau R, Quezada JM (2017) Southern Annular Mode drives multi-century wildfire activity in southern South America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Southern Annular Mode drives multi-century wildfire activity in southern South America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28827329PubMed |

Johnson C (1970) ‘Parque Nacional Tolhuaca: un estudio de sus límites, vegetación y necesidades recreacionales.’ (Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero: Chile)

Kistler R, Kalnay E, Collins W, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Kanamitsu M, Kousky V, Van den Dool H, Jenne R, Fiorino M (2001) The NCEP–NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, 247–267.
The NCEP–NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly means CD-ROM and documentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kitzberger T, Veblen TT (1997) Influences of humans and ENSO on fire history of Austrocedrus chilensis woodlands in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Ecoscience 4, 508–520.
Influences of humans and ENSO on fire history of Austrocedrus chilensis woodlands in northern Patagonia, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kitzberger T, Veblen TT (2003) Influences of climate on fire in northern Patagonia, Argentina. In ‘Fire and climatic changes in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas.’ (Eds TT Veblen, W Baker, G Montenegro, TW Swetnam) pp. 290–315 (Springer Verlag: Berlin)

Kitzberger T, Veblen TT, Villalba R (1997) Climatic influences on fire regimes along a rain forest-to-xeric woodland gradient in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Biogeography 24, 35–47.
Climatic influences on fire regimes along a rain forest-to-xeric woodland gradient in northern Patagonia, Argentina.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kitzberger T, Falk DA, Westerling AL, Swetnam TW (2017) Direct and indirect climate controls predict heterogeneous early-mid 21st century wildfire burned area across western and boreal North America. PLoS One 12, e0188486
Direct and indirect climate controls predict heterogeneous early-mid 21st century wildfire burned area across western and boreal North America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29244839PubMed |

León L (1991) ‘Maloqueros y conchavadores en Araucanía y las Pampas, 1700–1800.’ (Ediciones Universidad de la Frontera: Temuco, Chile).

León L (2005) ‘Los señores de la cordillera y las pampas: los pehuenches de Malalhue 1770–1800.’ (Ediciones de la Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos: Santiago, Chile)

Li J, Xie SP, Cook ER, Morales MS, Christie DA, Johnson NC, Chen F, D’Arrigo R, Fowler AM, Gou X, Fang K (2013) El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries. Nature Climate Change 3, 822–826.
El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Magrin GO, Marengo JA, Boulanger JP, Buckeridge MS, Castellanos E, Poveda G, Scarano FR, Vicuña S (2014) Central and South America. In ‘Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’ (Eds VR Barros, CB Field, DJ Dokken, MD Mastrandrea, KJ Mach, TE Bilir, M Chatterjee, KL Ebi, YO Estrada, RC Genova, B Girma, ES Kissel, AN Levy, S MacCracken, PR Mastrandrea, LL White) pp. 1499–1566 (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)

Miller A (1976). The climate of Chile. In ‘World survey of climatology: climates of Central and South America.’ (Ed. W Schwerdtfeger) pp. 113–131 (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Montaldo P (1974) La bio-ecología de Araucaria araucana (Mol.) Koch. Boletín Instituto Forestal Latino-Americano de Investigación y Capacitación 46/48, 3–55.

Montecinos A, Aceituno P (2003) Seasonality of the ENSO-related rainfall variability in Central Chile and associated circulation anomalies. Journal of Climate 16, 281–296.
Seasonality of the ENSO-related rainfall variability in Central Chile and associated circulation anomalies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mooney CZ, Duval RD (1993) ‘Bootstrapping: a nonparametric approach to statistical inference.’ Sage University Paper series on quantitative applications in the social sciences. (Sage Publications: Newbury Park, CA)

Mudelsee M, Börngen M, Tetzlaff G, Grünewald U (2003) No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe. Nature 425, 166–169.
No upward trends in the occurrence of extreme floods in central Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12968176PubMed |

Mundo IA, Kitzberger T, Roig Juñent FA, Villalba R, Barrera MD (2012) Fire history in the Araucaria araucana forests of Argentina: human and climate influences. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, 194–206.
Fire history in the Araucaria araucana forests of Argentina: human and climate influences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mundo I, Holz A, González ME, Paritsis J (2017) Fire history and fire regimes shifts in Patagonian temperate forests. In ‘Tree-ring analyses applied to ecological studies.’ Ecological Studies 231. (Eds M Amoroso, L Daniels, P Baker, J Camarero) pp. 211–229 (Springer: Cham, Switzerland)

Muñoz AA, Barichivich J, Christie DA, Dorigo W, Sauchyn D, González-Reyes Á, Villalba R, Lara A, Riquelme N, González ME (2014) Patterns and drivers of Araucaria araucana forest growth along a biophysical gradient in the northern Patagonian Andes: linking tree rings with satellite observations of soil moisture. Austral Ecology 39, 158–169.
Patterns and drivers of Araucaria araucana forest growth along a biophysical gradient in the northern Patagonian Andes: linking tree rings with satellite observations of soil moisture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Muñoz AA, González-Reyes A, Lara A, Sauchyn D, Christie D, Puchi P, Urrutia-Jalabert R, Toledo-Guerrero I, Aguilera-Betti I, Mundo I, Sheppard PR, Stahle D, Villalba R, Szejner P, LeQuesne C, Vanstone J (2016) Streamflow variability in the Chilean Temperate-Mediterranean climate transition (35°S–42°S) during the last 400 years inferred from tree-ring records. Climate Dynamics 47, 4051–4066.
Streamflow variability in the Chilean Temperate-Mediterranean climate transition (35°S–42°S) during the last 400 years inferred from tree-ring records.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Musters GC (1871) ‘At home with Patagonians: a year’s wandering over untrodden ground from the Straits of Magellan to the Río Negro.’ (John Murray: London)

Neira P (2004) Chile y su primera área silvestre protegida por el Estado: Historia de la Reserva Nacional Malleco (1907–2003). Un aporte de la historia a la valoración del medio ambiente entre los estudiantes de primer año medio. Trabajo de Titulación Prof. de Estado en Historia, Geografía y Educación Cívica. (Universidad de la Frontera, Facultad de Educación y Humanidades: Temuco)

Poeppig E (1960) ‘Un testigo en la alborada de Chile (1826–1829).’ (Empresa Editora Zig-Zag: Santiago, Chile)

R Development Core Team (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) Available at http://www.R-project.org/ [Verified 9 March 2020]

Rao MP, Cook ER, Cook BI, Anchukaitis KJ, D’Arrigo RD, Krusic PJ, LeGrande AN (2019) A double bootstrap approach to Superposed Epoch Analysis to evaluate response uncertainty. Dendrochronologia 55, 119–124.
A double bootstrap approach to Superposed Epoch Analysis to evaluate response uncertainty.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Romps DM, Seeley JT, Vollaro D, Molinari J (2014) Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming. Science 346, 851–854.
Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25395536PubMed |

Rozas V, Le Quesne C, Osorio-Badilla M, González ME, González-Reyes A (2018) Coupled human–climate signals on the fire history of upper Cachapoal Valley, Mediterranean Andes of Chile, since AD 1201. Global and Planetary Change 167, 137–147.
Coupled human–climate signals on the fire history of upper Cachapoal Valley, Mediterranean Andes of Chile, since AD 1201.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Saavedra FA, Kampf SK, Fassnacht SR, Sibold JS (2017) A snow climatology of the Andes Mountains from MODIS snow cover data. International Journal of Climatology 37, 1526–1539.
A snow climatology of the Andes Mountains from MODIS snow cover data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schulman E (1956) ‘Dencroclimatic change in semiarid America.’ (University of Arizona Press: Tucson, AZ)

Schwerdtfeger W (1976) Introduction. In ‘World survey of climatology: climates of Central and South America’. (Ed. W Schwerdtfeger) pp. 1–12. (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Smith KT, Arbellay B, Falk DA, Sutherland EK (2016) Macroanatomy and compartmentalization of recent fire scars in three North American conifers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, 535–542.
Macroanatomy and compartmentalization of recent fire scars in three North American conifers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Speer JH (2010) ‘Fundamentals of tree-ring research.’ (University of Arizona Press: Tucson)

Stein AH (1952) ‘Nota sobre la Reserva Forestal Malleco.’ Misión Forestal de la F.A.O. Dirección General de Tierras y Colonización. (Ministerio de Tierras y Colonización: Santiago, Chile)

Swetnam TW, Farella J, Roos CI, Liebmann MJ, Falk DA, Allen CD (2016) Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 371, 20150168
Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27216525PubMed |

Taylor AH, Trouet V, Skinner CN, Stephens S (2016) Socioecological transitions trigger fire regime shifts and modulate fire-climate interactions in the Sierra Nevada, USA, 1600–2015 CE. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 13684–13689.
Socioecological transitions trigger fire regime shifts and modulate fire-climate interactions in the Sierra Nevada, USA, 1600–2015 CE.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27849589PubMed |

Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (2000) Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: month-to-month variability. Journal of Climate 13, 1000–1016.
Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: month-to-month variability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Torrejón F (2001) Variables geohistóricas en la evolución del sistema económico pehuenche durante el periodo colonial. Revista Universum 16, 219–236.

Urrutia R, Lanza C (1993) ‘Catástrofes en Chile 1541–1992.’ (Editorial La Noria: Santiago, Chile)

Urrutia-Jalabert R, González ME, González-Reyes A, Lara A, Garreaud R (2018) Climate variability and forest fires in central and south-central Chile. Ecosphere 9, e02171
Climate variability and forest fires in central and south-central Chile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veblen TT, Lorenz DC (1988) Recent vegetation changes along the forest/steppe ecotone in northern Patagonia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78, 93–111.
Recent vegetation changes along the forest/steppe ecotone in northern Patagonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veblen TT, Burns BR, Kitzberger T, Lara A, Villalba R (1995) The ecology of the conifers of southern South America. In ‘Ecology of the southern conifers.’ (Eds N Enright, R Hill) pp. 120–155 (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne)

Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Villalba R, Donnegan J (1999) Fire history in northern Patagonia: the roles of humans and climatic variation. Ecological Monographs 69, 47–67.
Fire history in northern Patagonia: the roles of humans and climatic variation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Raffaele E, Lorenz D (2003) Fire history and vegetation changes in northern Patagonia, Argentina. In ‘Fire and climatic change in temperate ecosystems of the western Americas,’ Ecological Studies 160. (Eds TT Veblen, W Baker, G Montenegro, TW Swetnam) pp. 265–295 (Springer Verlag: NewYork)

Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Raffaele E, Mermoz M, González ME, Sibold JS, Holz CA (2008) The historical range of variability of fires in the Andean-Patagonian Nothofagus forest region. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 724–741.
The historical range of variability of fires in the Andean-Patagonian Nothofagus forest region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Villalba R, Cook ER, Jacoby GC, D’Arrigo RD, Veblen TT, Jones PD (1998) Tree-ring based reconstructions of northern Patagonia precipitation since AD1600. The Holocene 8, 659–674.
Tree-ring based reconstructions of northern Patagonia precipitation since AD1600.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Villalba R, Lara A, Masiokas MH, Urrutia R, Luckman BH, Marshall GJ, Mundo IA, Christie DA, Cook ER, Neukom R, Allen K, Fenwick P, Boninsegna JA, Srur AM, Morales MS, Araneo D, Palmer JG, Cuq E, Aravena JC, Holz A, LeQuesne C (2012) Unusual Southern Hemisphere tree growth patterns induced by changes in the Southern Annular Mode. Nature Geoscience 5, 793–798.
Unusual Southern Hemisphere tree growth patterns induced by changes in the Southern Annular Mode.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Villalobos S (1989) ‘Los Pehuenches en la vida fronteriza.’ (Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile: Santiago, Chile)

Villalobos S (1995) ‘Vida fronteriza en la Araucanía: El mito de la Guerra de Arauco.’ (Editorial Andrés Bello: Santiago, Chile)

Zapater H (1978) ‘Aborígenes chilenos a través de cronistas y viajeros.’ (Editorial Andrés Bello: Santiago, Chile)