Maintaining the yield of edible rice in a warming world
Melissa A. Fitzgerald A B and Adoracion P. Resurreccion AA Grain Quality, Nutrition and Postharvest Centre, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines.
B Corresponding author. Email: m.fitzgerald@cgiar.org
Functional Plant Biology 36(12) 1037-1045 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09055
Submitted: 10 March 2009 Accepted: 24 August 2009 Published: 3 December 2009
Abstract
High temperature increases the amount of chalk in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains, which causes grains to break during polishing, lowering the amount of rice for consumption. Here, we examined the effect of elevated temperature on substrate supply to the panicle, the capacity of the panicle to produce edible grains, and underlying factors affecting yield of edible grain in two varieties. During grain-filling, substrate supply followed a bell shaped curve, and high temperature significantly shortened supply time. The rate of grain-filling did not change and paddy yield fell in both varieties. In high temperature, yield loss in IR8 was due to lighter grains relative to those grown in cool temperature, but in IR60, it was due to the early sacrifice of 30% of the spikelets. The yield of edible rice was zero for IR8 and ~60% for IR60 for the high temperature treatments, and 100% for IR60 and 70% for IR8 in the cool temperature. IR60 differs from IR8 in regulation of substrate supply, architecture of the panicles and the capacity of the panicles to alter sink size in response to the stress and these factors may be responsible for the difference in edible rice in the two varieties.
Additional keywords: chalk, grain-filling, high temperature, perenniality, substrate supply.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr John Sheehy for useful discussions, Mr Teodoro Atienza for measuring chalk, Mr Juan Alzona for perparing samples, Mr Fernando Salisi for assistance with growing plants and counting panicle branches, Ms Rowena Oane for assistance with microscopy, and Mr Alvaro Pamplona for growing the demonstration plots and providing grain. We gratefully acknowledge ACIAR (project CIM 2006 – 176) and IRRI for funding.
Asaoka M,
Okuno K,
Sugimoto Y,
Kawakami J, Fuwa H
(1984) Effect of environmental temperature during development of rice plants on some properties of endosperm starch. Starch – Stärke 36, 189–193.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Briones VP,
Magbanua LG, Juliano BO
(1968) Changes in physico-chemical properties of starch of developing rice grain. Cereal Chemistry 45, 351–357.
|
CAS |
Castro JV,
Ward RM,
Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA
(2005) Measurement of the molecular weight distribution of debranched starch. Biomacromolecules 6, 2260–2270.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Cheng F,
Zhong L,
Wang F, Zhang G
(2005) Differences in cooking and eating properties between chalky and translucent parts in rice grains. Food Chemistry 90, 39–46.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Counce PA, Gravois KA
(2006) Sucrose synthase activity as a potential indicator of high rice grain yield. Crop Science 46, 1501–1507.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Demorest D, Dubrow R
(1991) Factors influencing the resolution and quantitation of oligonucleotides separated by capillary electrophoresis on a gel-filled capillary. Journal of Chromatography. A 559, 43–56.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Duan MJ, Sun SSM
(2005) Profiling the expression of genes controlling rice grain quality. Plant Molecular Biology 59, 165–178.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Juliano BO
(1971) A simplified assay for milled-rice amylose. Cereal Science Today 16, 334–360.
Kobata T, Uemuki N
(2004) High temperatures during the grain-filling period do not reduce the potential grain dry matter increase of rice. Agronomy Journal 96, 406–414.
Larkin PD, Park WD
(1999) Transcript accumulation and utilization of alternate and non-consensus splice sites in rice granule-bound starch synthase are temperature-sensitive and controlled by a single-nucleotide polymorphism. Plant Molecular Biology 40, 719–727.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Li L,
Blanco M, Jane J-l
(2007) Physicochemical properties of endosperm and pericarp starches during maize development. Carbohydrate Polymers 67, 630–639.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Liang JS,
Zhang JH, Cao XZ
(2001) Grain sink strength may be related to the poor grain filling of indica–japonica rice (Oryza sativa) hybrids. Physiologia Plantarum 112, 470–477.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Lisle AJ,
Martin M, Fitzgerald MA
(2000) Chalky and translucent rice grains differ in starch composition and structure and cooking properties. Cereal Chemistry 77, 627–632.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Mei HW,
Xu JL,
Li ZK,
Yu XQ,
Guo LB,
Wang YP,
Ying CS, Luo LJ
(2006) QTLs influencing panicle size detected in two reciprocal introgressive line (IL) populations in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112, 648–656.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Mohapatra PK,
Patel R, Sahu SK
(1993) Time of flowering affects grain quality and spikelet partitioning within the rice panicle. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 20, 231–241.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mohapatra PK,
Sarkar RK, Kuanar SR
(2009) Starch synthesizing enzymes and sink strength of grains of contrasting rice cultivars. Plant Science 176, 256–263.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Morita S,
Yonemaru J, Takanashi J
(2005) Grain growth and endosperm cell size under high night temperatures in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Annals of Botany 95, 695–701.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
O’Shea MG,
Samuel MS,
Konik CM, Morell MK
(1998) Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophorsis (face) of oligosaccharides – efficiency of labelling and high-resolution separation. Carbohydrate Research 307, 1–12.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Patindol J, Wang Y-J
(2003) Fine structures and physicochemical properties of starches from chalky and translucent rice kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, 2777–2784.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Peng S,
Huang JL,
Sheehy JE,
Laza RC,
Visperas RM,
Zhong XH,
Centeno GS,
Khush GS, Cassman KG
(2004) Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 9971–9975.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Sacks EJ,
Roxas JP, Cruz MTS
(2003) Developing perennial upland rice. I. Field performance of Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon F1, F4, and BC1F4 progeny. Crop Science 43, 120–128.
Sasaki H,
Edo E,
Uehara N,
Ishimaru T,
Kawamitsu Y,
Suganuma S,
Ueda D, Ohsugi R
(2005) Effect of sucrose on activity of starch synthesis enzymes in rice ears in culture. Physiologia Plantarum 124, 301–310.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Sheehy J,
Mnzava M,
Cassman KG,
Mitchell PL,
Pablico P,
Robles RP, Ferrer AB
(2004a) Uptake of nitrogen by rice studied with a 15N point placement technique. Plant and Soil 259, 259–265.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Sheehy JE,
Mnzava M,
Cassman KG,
Mitchell PL,
Pablico P,
Robles RP,
Samonte HP,
Lales JS, Ferrer AB
(2004b) Temporal origin of nitrogen in the grain of irrigated rice in the dry season: the outcome of uptake, cycling, senescence and competition studied using a 15N-point placement technique. Field Crops Research 89, 337–348.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Singh N,
Sodhi NS,
Kaur M, Saxena SK
(2003) Physico-chemical, morphological, thermal, cooking and textural properties of chalky and translucent rice kernels. Food Chemistry 82, 433–439.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
Sung S-JS,
Xu D-P, Black CC
(1989) Identification of actively filling sucrose sinks. Plant Physiology 89, 1117–1121.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Swamy YMI, Bhattacharya KR
(1982) Breakage of rice during milling. 1. Types of cracked and immature grains. Journal of Food Science and Technology 19, 106–111.
Tang T,
Xie H,
Wang Y,
Lue B, Liang J
(2009) The effect of sucrose and abscisic acid interaction on sucrose synthase and its relationship to grain filling of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 2641–2652.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Tashiro T, Ebata M
(1974) Studies on white-bellied rice kernels. 2. Location on the panicle and occurrence of white-bellied kernels. Proceedings of the Crop Sciences Society of Japan 43, 105–110.
Tashiro T, Ebata M
(1975a) Studies on white-belly rice kernels. 4. Opaque rice endosperm viewed with a scanning electron microscope. Proceedings of the Crop Science Society of Japan 44, 205–214.
Tashiro T, Ebata M
(1975b) Studies on white belly rice kernels. 3. Effect of ripening conditions on occurrence of white belly kernel. Proceedings of the Crop Science Society of Japan 44, 86–92.
Tashiro T, Ebata M
(1976) Studies on white bellied rice kernels. 5. On the occurrence of white belly during the development of the rice kernel with special reference to the moisture content of the kernel. Proceedings of the Crop Science Society of Japan 45, 616–623.
Tashiro T, Wardlaw IF
(1991) The effect of high-temperature on kernel dimensions and the type and occurrence of kernel damage in rice. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, 485–496.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Turner FT, Jund MF
(1993) Rice ratoon crop yield linked to main crop stem carbohydrates. Crop Science 33, 150–153.
|
CAS |
Ward RM,
Gao Q,
de Bruyn H,
Gilbert RG, Fitzgerald MA
(2006) Improved methods for the structural analysis of the amylose-rich fraction of rice flour. Biomacromolecules 7, 866–876.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Yamakawa H,
Hirose T,
Kuroda M, Yamaguchi T
(2007) Comprehensive expression profiling of rice grain filling-related genes under high temperature using DNA microarray. Plant Physiology 144, 258–277.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Yang JC,
Zhang JH,
Wang ZQ,
Liu K, Wang P
(2006) Post-anthesis development of inferior and superior spikelets in rice in relation to abscisic acid and ethylene. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 149–160.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Zhang N,
Xu Y,
Akash M,
McCouch S, Oard JH
(2005) Identification of candidate markers associated with agronomic traits in rice using discriminant analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 110, 721–729.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Zhou L,
Chen L,
Jiang L,
Zhang W, Liu L , et al.
(2009) Fine mapping of the grain chalkiness QTL qPGWC-7 in rice (Oryza sativa L.). TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics 118, 581–590.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
Ziegler GR,
Creek JA, Runt J
(2005) Spherulitic crystallization in starch as a model for starch granule initiation. Biomacromolecules 6, 1547–1554.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CAS |
PubMed |
