Ocean acidification as a multiple driver: how interactions between changing seawater carbonate parameters affect marine life
Catriona L. Hurd A B M , John Beardall C , Steeve Comeau D , Christopher E. Cornwall E , Jonathan N Havenhand F , Philip L. Munday G , Laura M. Parker H , John A. Raven I J K and Christina M. McGraw L M
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, Tas. 7004, Australia.
B Discipline of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia.
C School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
D Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – L’Institut national des sciences de l’Univers, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France.
E School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, Kelburn, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
F Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, SE-45296 Strömstad, Sweden.
G Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
H School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
I Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
J Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
K School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6008, Australia.
L Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
M Corresponding authors. Email: catriona.hurd@utas.edu.au; christina.mcgraw@otago.ac.nz
Marine and Freshwater Research 71(3) 263-274 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19267
Submitted: 2 August 2019 Accepted: 23 September 2019 Published: 29 November 2019
Abstract
‘Multiple drivers’ (also termed ‘multiple stressors’) is the term used to describe the cumulative effects of multiple environmental factors on organisms or ecosystems. Here, we consider ocean acidification as a multiple driver because many inorganic carbon parameters are changing simultaneously, including total dissolved inorganic carbon, CO2, HCO3–, CO32–, H+ and CaCO3 saturation state. With the rapid expansion of ocean acidification research has come a greater understanding of the complexity and intricacies of how these simultaneous changes to the seawater carbonate system are affecting marine life. We start by clarifying key terms used by chemists and biologists to describe the changing seawater inorganic carbon system. Then, using key groups of non-calcifying (fish, seaweeds, diatoms) and calcifying (coralline algae, coccolithophores, corals, molluscs) organisms, we consider how various physiological processes are affected by different components of the carbonate system.
Additional keywords: coccolithophores, coralline algae, corals, diatoms, fertilisation, fish, macroalgae, molluscs, seaweed.
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