Characteristics of mammal communities in Tasmanian forests: exploring the influence of forest type and disturbance history
Erin M. Flynn A B E , Susan M. Jones A , Menna E. Jones A , Gregory J. Jordan B D and Sarah A. Munks A B C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
B Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
C Forest Practices Authority, 30 Patrick Street, Hobart, Tas. 7000, Australia.
D School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.
E Corresponding author. Email: Erin.Flynn@utas.edu.au
Wildlife Research 38(1) 13-29 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10025
Submitted: 13 February 2010 Accepted: 17 September 2010 Published: 15 March 2011
Abstract
Context: With increasing pressure worldwide on forest habitat, it is crucial to understand faunal ecology to effectively manage and minimise impacts of anthropogenic habitat disturbance.
Aims: This study assessed whether differences in forest type and disturbance history were reflected in small to medium mammal communities found in Tasmania’s production forests.
Methods: Trapping was conducted in spring and summer, and autumn and winter during 2007–08 at four dry Eucalyptus forest sites (two regenerating after harvest and two in relatively undisturbed forest) in south-east Tasmania, and four wet Eucalyptus forest sites (two regenerating after harvest and two in relatively undisturbed forest) in north-east Tasmania. All sites were embedded within a matrix of mature or older aged regenerating forest.
Key results: Thirteen mammal species were recorded across all sites. There was no difference in species diversity or richness between forest type or disturbance regime, but species composition differed. Total number of individual animals and captures was influenced strongly by forest type and disturbance history, with most animals captured in the dry disturbed forest sites. Abundance of some species (e.g. bettongs and potoroos) was higher in disturbed sites than undisturbed sites. Brushtail possum numbers (adults and offspring), however, were lower in disturbed sites and populations displayed a male biased adult sex ratio and lower breeding frequency. Habitat structural complexity and vegetation diversity within core sites, and age structure of the forest in the surrounding landscape did not vary significantly, indicating that broad resource (food and refuge) availability was equivalent across sites.
Conclusions: In general, the small to medium mammals in this study did not appear to be significantly affected by forest harvesting in the medium term.
Implications: Although past harvesting altered the abundance of some habitat features (e.g. canopy cover, basal area of trees, and tree hollow availability), we suggest that the availability of such features in the surrounding landscape may mitigate the potential effects of disturbance on the species for which such habitat features are important.
References
Abbott, D., and Hearn, J. (1978). Physical, hormonal and behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 53, 155–166.| Physical, hormonal and behavioural aspects of sexual development in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7ltlGhtA%3D%3D&md5=6b69208a01a7f6d9e5878abbde5402e3CAS | 417178PubMed |
Alexander, J., Scotts, D., and Loyn, R. (2002). Impacts of timber harvesting on mammals, reptiles and nocturnal birds in native hardwood forests of East Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach. Australian Forestry 65, 182–210.
Anderson, J., Rowcliffe, J., and Cowlishaw, G. (2007). Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape. Biological Conservation 135, 212–222.
| Does the matrix matter? A forest primate in a complex agricultural landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Atwood, T. (2006). The influence of habitat patch attributes on coyote group size and interaction in a fragmented landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, 80–87.
| The influence of habitat patch attributes on coyote group size and interaction in a fragmented landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Atwood, T., and Weeks, H. (2003). Spatial home-range overlap and temporal interaction in eastern coyotes: the influence of pair types and fragmentation. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 1589–1597.
| Spatial home-range overlap and temporal interaction in eastern coyotes: the influence of pair types and fragmentation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Banks, S., Finlayson, G., Lawson, S., Lindenmayer, D., Paetkau, D., Ward, S., and Taylor, A. (2005). The effects of habitat fragmentation due to forestry plantation establishment on the demography and genetic variation of a marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis. Biological Conservation 122, 581–597.
| The effects of habitat fragmentation due to forestry plantation establishment on the demography and genetic variation of a marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bennett, A. (1993). Microhabitat use by the long-nosed potoroo, Potorous tridactylus, and other small mammals in remnant forest vegetation of south-western Victoria. Wildlife Research 20, 267–285.
| Microhabitat use by the long-nosed potoroo, Potorous tridactylus, and other small mammals in remnant forest vegetation of south-western Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Braithwaite, L., Austin, M., Clayton, M., Turner, J., and Nicholls, A. (1989). On predicting the presence of birds in Eucalyptus forest types. Biological Conservation 50, 33–50.
| On predicting the presence of birds in Eucalyptus forest types.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brockerhoff, E. G., Jactel, H., Parrotta, J. A., Quine, C. P., and Sayer, J. (2008). Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? Biodiversity and Conservation 17, 925–951.
| Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Catling, P., and Burt, R. (1995). Studies of the ground-dwelling mammals of eucalypt forests in south-eastern New South Wales: the effect of habitat variables on distribution and abundance. Wildlife Research 22, 271–288.
| Studies of the ground-dwelling mammals of eucalypt forests in south-eastern New South Wales: the effect of habitat variables on distribution and abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cawthen, L. (2007). Den use by the common brushtail possum in logged and unlogged dry forest in south-east Tasmania. Honours Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
Charnov, E., and Finerty, J. (1980). Vole population cycles: a case for kin-selection? Oecologia 45, 1–2.
| Vole population cycles: a case for kin-selection?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Claridge, A., and Barry, S. (2000). Factors influencing the distribution of medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals in southeastern mainland Australia. Austral Ecology 25, 676–688.
Claridge, A., Trappe, J., Cork, S., and Claridge, D. (1999). Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America: nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolor, a common hypogeous fungus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 169, 172–178.
| Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America: nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolor, a common hypogeous fungus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3mvVSqtA%3D%3D&md5=4afa2b9a80bfbf1989af44875404f6a4CAS | 10335615PubMed |
Clark, A. (1978). Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate. Science 201, 163–165.
| Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cvjs1ygug%3D%3D&md5=43dd8fc5a4af40c869249970f9f13d27CAS | 17801832PubMed |
Clarke, K. (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18, 117–143.
| Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, K., and Warwick, R. (1994). ‘Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation.’ (Plymouth Marine Laboratory: Plymouth.)
Clout, M., and Efford, M. (1984). Sex differences in the dispersal and settlement of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Journal of Animal Ecology 53, 737–749.
| Sex differences in the dispersal and settlement of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clutton-Brock, T., and Harvey, P. (1978). Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies. Nature 273, 191–195.
| Mammals, resources and reproductive strategies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7ls1Cnug%3D%3D&md5=a60cb83ebafe58ceeb4b7f53a71962d0CAS | 347308PubMed |
Cockburn, A., Scott, M., and Dickman, C. (1985). Sex ratio and intrasexual kin competition in mammals. Oecologica 66, 427–429.
| Sex ratio and intrasexual kin competition in mammals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cork, S., and Catling, P. (1996). Modelling distributions of arboreal and ground-dwelling mammals in relation to climate, nutrients, plant chemical defences and vegetation structure in the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 85, 163–175.
| Modelling distributions of arboreal and ground-dwelling mammals in relation to climate, nutrients, plant chemical defences and vegetation structure in the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cowan, P., and Tyndale-Biscoe, C. (1997). Australian and New Zealand mammal species considered to be pests or problems. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 9, 27–36.
| Australian and New Zealand mammal species considered to be pests or problems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3mt12rtg%3D%3D&md5=827ad829bec2b0027b011684c2d59f1aCAS |
DPIW (2001). ‘TASVEG, The Tasmanian Vegetation Map. Version 1.3.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)
DPIW (2007). ‘CAR Reserves GIS Layer.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)
DPIW (2008). ‘Forest Groups Data.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)
Driessen, M., Taylor, R., and Hocking, G. (1991). Trends in abundance of three marsupial species after fire. Australian Mammalogy 14, 121–124.
Dumbrell, A., Clark, E., Frost, G., Randell, T., Pitchford, J., and Hill, J. (2008). Changes in species diversity following habitat disturbance are dependent on spatial scale: theoretical and empirical evidence. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1531–1539.
| Changes in species diversity following habitat disturbance are dependent on spatial scale: theoretical and empirical evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunstan, C., and Fox, B. (1996). The effects of fragmentation and disturbance of rainforest on ground-dwelling small mammals on the Roberston Plateau, New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Biogeography 23, 187–201.
| The effects of fragmentation and disturbance of rainforest on ground-dwelling small mammals on the Roberston Plateau, New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans, J. (2001). ‘The Forests Handbook: Applying Forest Science For Sustainable Management. Vol. 2.’ (Blackwell Science: Oxford.)
Eyre, T., and Norman, P. (2003). The development and implementation of landscape metrics for reporting forest fragmentation at field and landscape levels. Report No. PN99.807. (Australian Government Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation: Melbourne.)
Ferron, J., Potvin, F., and Dussault, C. (1998). Short-term effects of logging on snowshoe hares in the boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, 1335–1343.
| Short-term effects of logging on snowshoe hares in the boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher, J., and Wilkinson, L. (2005). The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in North American boreal forest. Mammal Review 35, 51–81.
| The response of mammals to forest fire and timber harvest in North American boreal forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Forest Practices Authority (2005). ‘Forest Botany Manual.’ (Forest Practices Authority: Hobart.)
Forestry Tasmania (2007a). ‘Forest Class 2005 GIS Layer.’ (Forestry Tasmania: Hobart.)
Forestry Tasmania (2007b). ‘Growth Stage 07 GIS Layer.’ (Forestry Tasmania: Hobart.)
Forestry Tasmania (2007c). ‘Growth Stage 96 GIS Layer.’ (Forestry Tasmania: Hobart.)
Gascon, C., Lovejoy, T., Bierregaard, R., Malcolm, J., Stouffer, P., Vasconcelos, H., Laurance, W., Zimmerman, B., Tocher, M., and Borges, S. (1999). Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants. Biological Conservation 91, 223–229.
| Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibbons, P., and Lindenmayer, D. (2002). Tree hollows and wildlife conservation in Australia. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Gibbs, J. (2001). Demography versus habitat fragmentation as determinants of genetic variation in wild populations. Biological Conservation 100, 15–20.
| Demography versus habitat fragmentation as determinants of genetic variation in wild populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Goldingay, R., and Daly, G. (1997). Surveys of arboreal and terrestrial mammals in montane forests of Queanbeyan, New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 20, 9–19.
Goodwin, A. (1995). ‘Introduction to Angle Count Sampling or ‘Sweep’ Theory.’ (Forestry Tasmania: Hobart.)
Green, R. (1982). The activity and movement of fauna in Compartment 2, Maggs Mountain, Tasmania in the first five years of forest regeneration. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston 75, 1–25.
Green, W. (1984). A review of ecological studies relevant to the management of the common brushtail possum. In ‘Possums and Gliders’. (Eds I. Smith and A. Hume.) pp. 482–499. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton, NSW.)
Green, B., and Merchant, J. (1988). The composition of marsupial milk. In ‘The Developing Marsupial. Models for Biomedical Research’. (Eds C. Tyndale-Biscoe and P. Janssens.) pp. 41–54. (Springer-Verlag: Berlin.)
Harper, M. (2005). Home range and den use of the common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in urban forest remnants. Wildlife Research 32, 681–687.
| Home range and den use of the common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in urban forest remnants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harris, S., and Kitchener, A. (2005). ‘From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania’s Vegetation.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Water: Hobart.)
Hinsley, S., Rothery, P., and Bellamy, P. (1999). Influence of woodland area on breeding success in great tits Parus major and blue tits Parus caeruleus. Journal of Avian Biology 30, 271–281.
| Influence of woodland area on breeding success in great tits Parus major and blue tits Parus caeruleus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hocking, G. (1981). The population ecology of the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr), in Tasmania. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart.
Hocking, G., and Guiler, E. (1983). The mammals of the Lower Gordon River region, south-west Tasmania. Wildlife Research 10, 1–23.
| The mammals of the Lower Gordon River region, south-west Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johns, A. (1986). Effects of selective logging on the behavioural ecology of west Malaysian primates. Ecology 67, 684–694.
| Effects of selective logging on the behavioural ecology of west Malaysian primates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C. (1994a). Distribution of feeding activity of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi) in relation to vegetation patterns. Wildlife Research 21, 249–255.
| Distribution of feeding activity of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi) in relation to vegetation patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C. (1994b). Nutritional ecology of mycophagous marsupials in relation to production of hypogeous fungi. Ecology 75, 2015–2021.
| Nutritional ecology of mycophagous marsupials in relation to production of hypogeous fungi.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C. (1995). Interactions between fire, mycophagous mammals, and dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests. Oecologia 104, 467–475.
| Interactions between fire, mycophagous mammals, and dispersal of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, C., and McIlwee, A. (1997). Ecology of the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, a tropical mycophagist. Wildlife Research 24, 549–559.
| Ecology of the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, a tropical mycophagist.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jolly, S., and Spurr, E. (1996). Effect of ovariectomy on the social status of brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula in captivity. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23, 27–31.
| Effect of ovariectomy on the social status of brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula in captivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, M., and Barmuta, L. (2000). Niche differentiation among sympatric Australian dasyurid carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy 81, 434–447.
| Niche differentiation among sympatric Australian dasyurid carnivores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, M., and Rose, R. (2001). Dasyurus viverrinus. Mammalian Species 677, 1–9.
| Dasyurus viverrinus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh, R., and Stanton, M. (2005). Vertebrate species assemblages and species sensitivity to logging in the forests of north-eastern New South Wales. Forest Ecology and Management 209, 309–341.
| Vertebrate species assemblages and species sensitivity to logging in the forests of north-eastern New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kavanagh, R., Loyn, R., Smith, G., Taylor, R., and Catling, P. (2004). Which species should be monitored to indicate ecological sustainability in Australian forest management? In ‘Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna’. 2nd edn. (Ed. D. Lunney.) pp. 959–987. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman.)
Kershaw, R. (1971). Notes on Tasmanian rat kangaroos. Victorian Naturalist 88, 4–10.
Kirkpatrick, J., and Bowman, D. (1982). Clearfelling versus selective logging in uneven-aged eucalypt forest. Search 13, 136–141.
Koch, A., Munks, S., Driscoll, D., and Kirkpatrick, J. (2008a). Does hollow occurrence vary with forest type? A case study in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 3938–3951.
| Does hollow occurrence vary with forest type? A case study in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koch, A., Munks, S., and Woehler, E. (2008b). Hollow-using vertebrate fauna of Tasmania: distribution, hollow requirements and conservation status. Australian Journal of Zoology 56, 323–349.
| Hollow-using vertebrate fauna of Tasmania: distribution, hollow requirements and conservation status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krebs, C. J. (1966). Demographic changes in fluctuating populations of Microtus californicus. Ecological Monographs 36, 239–273.
| Demographic changes in fluctuating populations of Microtus californicus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lacy, R. (1997). Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations. Journal of Mammalogy 78, 320–335.
| Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lambert, T., Malcolm, J., and Zimmerman, B. (2005). Effects of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) logging on small mammal communities, habitat structure, and seed predation in the southeastern Amazon Basin. Forest Ecology and Management 206, 381–398.
| Effects of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) logging on small mammal communities, habitat structure, and seed predation in the southeastern Amazon Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lambin, X. (1994). Natal philopatry, competition for resources and inbreeding avoidance in Townsend’s voles (Microtus townsendii). Ecology 75, 224–235.
| Natal philopatry, competition for resources and inbreeding avoidance in Townsend’s voles (Microtus townsendii).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laurance, W. (1996). Responses of five arboreal marsupials to recent selective logging in tropical Australia. Biotropica 28, 310–322.
| Responses of five arboreal marsupials to recent selective logging in tropical Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lindenmayer, D., and Franklin, J. (2002). ‘Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach.’ (Island Press: Washington, DC.)
Lindenmayer, D., Hobbs, R., and Salt, D. (2003). Plantation forests and biodiversity conservation. Australian Forestry 66, 62–66.
Lopes, M., and Ferrari, S. (2000). Effects of human colonization on the abundance and diversity of mammals in eastern Brazilian Amazonia. Conservation Biology 14, 1658–1665.
| Effects of human colonization on the abundance and diversity of mammals in eastern Brazilian Amazonia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lunney, D., Cullis, B., and Eby, P. (1987). Effects of logging and fire on small mammals in Mumballa State Forest, near Bega, New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 14, 163–181.
| Effects of logging and fire on small mammals in Mumballa State Forest, near Bega, New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Magurran, A. (1988). ‘Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement.’ (Croom Helm Ltd: London.)
Martin, J., and Handasyde, K. (2007). Comparison of bobuck (Trichosurus cunninghami) demography in two habitat types in the Strathbogie Ranges Australian Journal of Zoology 271, 375–385.
Martin, J., Handasyde, K., and Taylor, A. (2007). Linear roadside remnants: their influence on den-use, home range and mating system in bobucks (Trichosurus cunninghami). Austral Ecology 32, 686–696.
| Linear roadside remnants: their influence on den-use, home range and mating system in bobucks (Trichosurus cunninghami).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McElhinny, C., Gibbons, P., and Brack, C. (2006). An objective and quantitative methodology for constructing an index of stand structural complexity. Forest Ecology and Management 235, 54–71.
| An objective and quantitative methodology for constructing an index of stand structural complexity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney, M., and Lockwood, J. (1999). Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, 450–453.
| Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Michaels, K. (2000). ‘Ecological and Life History Traits Associated with Sensitive Species in Production Forestry Environments: A Review. Final Report.’ (Forestry Tasmania: Hobart.)
Moses, R., and Boutin, S. (2001). The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small mammal populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, 483–495.
| The influence of clear-cut logging and residual leave material on small mammal populations in aspen-dominated boreal mixedwoods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Munks, S., Mooney, N., Pemberton, D., and Gales, R. (2004). An update on the distribution and status of possums and gliders in Tasmania, including off-shore islands. In ‘The Biology of Australian Possums and Gliders’. (Eds R. Goldingay and S. Jackson.) pp. 111–129. (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton, NSW.)
Pausas, J., Braithwaite, L., and Austin, M. (1995). Modelling habitat quality for arboreal marsupials in the south coastal forests of New South Wales, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 78, 39–49.
| Modelling habitat quality for arboreal marsupials in the south coastal forests of New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raskja-Jurgiel, E. (1992). Demography of woodland rodents in fragmented habitat. Acta Theriologica 37, 73–90.
Rose, R. (1986). The habitat, distribution, and conservation status of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi (Desmarest). Wildlife Research 13, 1–6.
| The habitat, distribution, and conservation status of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi (Desmarest).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rounsevell, D., Taylor, R., and Hocking, G. (1991). Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 18, 699–717.
| Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
SAS Institute Inc. (2003). ‘SAS 9.1.’ (SAS Institute: NC.)
Schwarz, C., and Arnason, A. (1996). A general methodology for the analysis of capture–recapture experiments in open populations. Biometrics 52, 860–873.
| A general methodology for the analysis of capture–recapture experiments in open populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scotts, D. (1991). Old-growth forests: their ecological characteristics and value to forest-dependent vertebrate fauna of south-east Australia. In ‘Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna’. (Ed. D. Lunney.) pp. 147–159. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Mosman.)
Seagle, S. (1985). Competition and coexistence of small mammals in an east Tennessee pine plantation. American Midland Naturalist 114, 272–282.
| Competition and coexistence of small mammals in an east Tennessee pine plantation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silk, J. (1983). Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex ratios in relation to competitive abilities. American Naturalist 121, 56–66.
| Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex ratios in relation to competitive abilities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Simard, J., and Fryxell, J. (2003). Effects of selective logging on terrestrial small mammals and arthropods. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, 1318–1326.
| Effects of selective logging on terrestrial small mammals and arthropods.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stone, M. (1998). Forest-type mapping by photo-interpretation: a multi-purpose base for Tasmania’s forest management. Tasforests 10, 15–32.
Taylor, R. (1991). ‘Fauna Conservation in Production Forests in Tasmania.’ (Forestry Commission Tasmania: Hobart.)
Taylor, R. (1993). Habitat requirements of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi), a mycophagous marsupial. Wildlife Research 20, 699–710.
| Habitat requirements of the Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi), a mycophagous marsupial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thiollay, J. (1992). Influence of selective logging on bird species diversity in a Guianan rain forest. Conservation Biology 6, 47–63.
| Influence of selective logging on bird species diversity in a Guianan rain forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tyndale-Biscoe, C. (2005). ‘Life of Marsupials.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Tyndale-Biscoe, C., and Calaby, J. (1975). Eucalypt forests as refuge for wildlife. Australian Forestry 38, 11–133.
Tyndale-Biscoe, C., and Smith, R. (1969). Studies on the marsupial glider, Schoinonates volans (Kerr): III. response to habitat destruction. Journal of Animal Ecology 38, 651–659.
| Studies on the marsupial glider, Schoinonates volans (Kerr): III. response to habitat destruction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vernes, K., and Haydon, D. (2001). Effect of fire on northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) foraging behaviour. Austral Ecology 26, 649–659.
| Effect of fire on northern bettong (Bettongia tropica) foraging behaviour.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
White, G., and Burnham, K. (1999). Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46, 120–139.
| Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilkinson, G. (1994). ‘Silvicultural Systems.’ (Division of Silvicultural Research and Development, Forestry Commission: Tasmania.)
Wolff, J. (1995). Friends and strangers in vole population cycles. Oikos 73, 411–414.
| Friends and strangers in vole population cycles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
