61 Low plasma progestin concentration during the early luteal phase impairs equine conceptus development until placentation

Abstract

During the early luteal phase, low progesterone concentrations delay downregulation of endometrial progesterone receptors. This contributes to impaired histotroph production at Day 14 of pregnancy (Beyer et al. 2019 Theriogenology 125, 236-241). Until the beginning of placentation (i.e. Day 37 of pregnancy), nutritional supply of the equine conceptus depends on histotrophy alone. The aim of the present study was to analyse development of the equine conceptus under reduced plasma progesterone concentrations until shortly before placentation. Fertile Haflinger mares (n = 11; 4-11 years old) were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography, and when in oestrus, they were inseminated every 48 h until spontaneous ovulation. Mares were randomly assigned to either the treatment group and received the prostaglandin F_2α agonist cloprostenol (PGF_2α; 125 μg) once daily for 3 days after ovulation (Beyer et al. 2019) or the control group and left untreated. After conceptus collection on Day 34, mares were allowed one oestrous cycle for recovery and subsequently assigned to the opposite treatment, thus serving as their own controls. From Day 10 after ovulation, conceptus development including size, uterine fixation, and heartbeat detection was evaluated daily by transrectal ultrasonography. On Day 34, conceptus and fetal membranes were recovered transcervically. The recovered material was weighed, measured, and stored for further analysis. Conceptuses underwent microcomputed tomography that was evaluated by Amira (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Statistical comparison for differences between control and treatment pregnancies was performed by nonparametric Wilcoxon test or chi-square analysis. The day of first visualisation of the conceptus and of the embryo proper and heartbeat did not differ between treatments. Uterine fixation occurred on Day 19.3 ± 0.5 in conceptuses from PGF_2α-treated pregnancies but on Day 16.7 ± 0.4 in controls (P < 0.05). At 34 days of gestation, the conceptuses from PGF_2α-treated mares were smaller (P < 0.05) than control conceptuses when measured with ultrasound callipers in utero (maximal length: PGF_2α 17.4 ± 0.3 mm, control 19.0 ± 0.4 mm). Conceptus weight determined after recovery was less in treated pregnancies (PGF_2α 2.5 ± 0.2 g; control 3.5 ± 0.3 g; P < 0.05). Microcomputed tomography analysis of selected inner organs showed some differences in development. Seven complete pairs of undestroyed conceptuses were available. Mean numbers of 33.4 ± 3.2 and 18.8 ± 7.5 bronchi were detected in control and PGF_2α conceptuses, respectively (P < 0.05). Heart volume did not differ, but communication between ventricles was detected in only 1/7 control but 5/7 PGF_2α conceptuses (P < 0.05). The footpad was present in 6/7 control and 0/7 PGF_2α conceptuses (P < 0.001). In conclusion, subphysiological progesterone concentration during the early luteal phase delays development of the equine conceptus before placentation. The condition may contribute to early conceptus loss in horses, which occurs in up to 20% of pregnancies.