The results we obtained from this study show that freezing of ram semen negatively affects spermatozoan functionality and molecular structure. These findings about some gene expression and DNA methylation levels in ram semen are the first data in the literature.

Melatonin (MT) has been shown to increase oocyte maturation by reducing reactive oxygen species level and enhancing oocyte antioxidant capacity. However, the mechanisms via which MT works are still poorly understood. Our results showed that MT improves the maturation and developmental ability of bovine oocytes by enhancing GJIC activity via up-regulating GJA4 protein expression in IVM progress. This study provided new insights into the genetic basis of MT’s role in oocyte maturation.

Study of embryonic stage is the most fascinating way to observe the development of an animal, especially for reptiles. In this study, we identified 15 stages of Eremias multiocellata and compared it with other lizards. The result helps to improve embryonic stages identification and lays foundations for detecting relationship between phylogeny and embryonic development among different species.