Taxonomic revision and insights into the speciation mode of the spider Dysdera erythrina species-complex (Araneae : Dysderidae): sibling species with sympatric distributions
Milan Řezáč A G , Miquel A. Arnedo B , Vera Opatova B C D , Jana Musilová A E , Veronika Řezáčová F and Jiří Král E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Biodiversity Lab, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Prague 6-Ruzyně, Czechia.
B Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology & Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
C Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Prague 2, Czechia.
D Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
E Laboratory of Arachnid Cytogenetics, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, CZ-128 44 Prague 2, Czechia.
F Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czechia.
G Corresponding author. Email: rezac@vurv.cz
Invertebrate Systematics 32(1) 10-54 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS16071
Submitted: 3 March 2016 Accepted: 3 May 2017 Published: 8 January 2018
Abstract
The genus Dysdera Latreille, 1804, a species-rich group of spiders that includes specialised predators of woodlice, contains several complexes of morphologically similar sibling species. Here we investigate species limits in the D. erythrina (Walckenaer, 1802) complex by integrating phenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular data, and use this information to gain further knowledge on its origin and evolution. We describe 16 new species and redescribe four poorly known species belonging to this clade. The distribution of most of the species in the complex is limited to southern France and the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula. The species studied do not show any obvious differences in habitat preference, and some of them even occur sympatrically at certain sites. They probably feed on the same type of prey as they readily capture woodlice. On the other hand, they differ in body size, mouthparts shape, sculpturing of carapace, morphology of the copulatory organs, karyotype and DNA sequences. Experimental interspecific mating showed a partial precopulatory behavioural barrier between D. erythrina and D. cechica, sp. nov. Our data suggest that karyotype evolution of the complex included chromosome fusions and fissions as well as translocations (between autosomes as well as autosomes and sex chromosomes). We hypothesise that chromosome rearrangements generating reproductive incompatibility played a primary role in speciation within Dysdera complexes. Dysdera spiders are poor dispersers, and their original distribution areas (forested areas in the Mediterranean) were repeatedly fragmented during Quarternary climatic oscillations, facilitating integration of chromosome rearrangements into karyotypes by genetic drift. Sympatric occurrence of closely related species may have been promoted by prey segregation as suggested by differentiation in body size in co-occurring species. The following new species are described: D. catalonica, sp. nov., D. cechica, D. dolanskyi, sp. nov., D. fabrorum, sp. nov., D. garrafensis, sp. nov., D. graia, sp. nov., D. kropfi, sp. nov., D. minairo, sp. nov., D. portsensis, sp. nov., D. pradesensis, sp. nov., D. pyrenaica, sp. nov., D. quindecima, sp. nov., D. septima, sp. nov., D. stahlavskyi, sp. nov., D. tredecima, sp. nov. and D. undecima, sp. nov.
Additional keywords: holokinetic, interspecific recognition, karyotype evolution, Mediterranean, new species, precopulatory barrier, prey segregation, sex chromosome, woodlice.
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