Register      Login
Invertebrate Systematics Invertebrate Systematics Society
Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer, 1903 (Trichoptera : Annulipalpia : Psychomyioidea) inferred from larval, pupal and adult characters

Maria Lourdes Chamorro A B C and Ralph W. Holzenthal A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A University of Minnesota, Department of Entomology, 1980 Folwell Avenue, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.

B National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Entomology, MRC 168, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.

C Corresponding author. Email: lourdes.chamorro@gmail.com

Invertebrate Systematics 25(3) 219-253 https://doi.org/10.1071/IS10024
Submitted: 26 August 2010  Accepted: 20 June 2011   Published: 18 November 2011

Abstract

Phylogeny of Polycentropodidae Ulmer is inferred based on data from immature and adult stages. Larval information is unknown for 61% of the taxa included in this study. To understand the effects of including characters with large sets of missing data, three alternative datasets were analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. Five outgroup taxa, including the four families in Psychomyioidea and the single family in Hydropsychoidea, were used in all datasets. Monophyly of Polycentropodidae, as currently defined, was rejected and the monophyly of the three largest cosmopolitan genera, Polycentropus, Polyplectropus and Nyctiophylax, was not confirmed. Monophyly of Pseudoneureclipsinae, including the genera Antillopsyche and Pseudoneureclipsis, was supported in all analyses. The placement of Pseudoneureclipsis within Dipseudopsidae was rejected. Monophyly of Kambaitipsychinae was supported, but its placement within Polycentropodidae was not confirmed. Analyses were sensitive to either inclusion or exclusion of characters from immature stages. Based on the results of these analyses, the following taxonomic changes are established: Kambaitipsychidae, stat. nov. and Pseudoneureclipsidae, stat. nov. are elevated to family status. North American Polycentropus species originally described in either Plectrocnemia or Holocentropus are returned to their original combinations and North American species described in Polycentropus post-1944 are transferred to either Holocentropus or Plectrocnemia. The following new or reinstated combinations are proposed: Plectrocnemia albipuncta Banks, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia aureola Banks, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia cinerea (Hagen), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia clinei Milne, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia crassicornis (Walker), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia jenula (Denning) comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia icula (Ross), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia nascotia (Ross), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia remota (Banks), comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia sabulosa (Leonard & Leonard), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia smithae (Denning), comb. nov.; Plectrocnemia vigilatrix Navás, comb. rev.; Plectrocnemia weedi (Blickle & Morse), comb. nov.; Holocentropus chellus (Denning), comb. nov.; Holocentropus flavus Banks, comb. nov.; Holocentropus glacialis Ross, comb. rev.; Holocentropus grellus Milne, comb. rev.; Holocentropus interruptus Banks, comb. rev.; Holocentropus melanae Ross, comb. rev.; Holocentropus milaca (Etnier), comb. nov.; and Holocentropus picicornis (Stephens), comb. rev.

Additional keywords: Bayesian, caddisflies, classification, missing data, morphology, parsimony, systematics.


References

Angrisano, E. B. (1994). Contribución al conocimiento de los Trichoptera de Uruguay. I: familias Ecnomidae y Polycentropodidae. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 53, 129–139.

Armitage, B. J., and Hamilton, S. W. (1990). ‘Diagnostic Atlas of the North American Caddisfly Adults. II. Ecnomidae, Polycentropodidae, Psychomyiidae, and Xiphocentronidae.’ (The Caddis Press: Athens, AL.)

Banks, N. (1907). Descriptions of new Trichoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 8, 117–133.

Banks, N. (1908). Some Trichoptera, and allied insects, from Newfoundland. Psyche 15, 61–67.
Some Trichoptera, and allied insects, from Newfoundland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Banks, N. (1911). Description of new species of North American neuropteroid insects. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 37, 335–360.

Banks, N. (1913). Neuropteroid insects from Brazil. Psyche 20, 83–89.
Neuropteroid insects from Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Banks, N. (1914). American Trichoptera- notes and descriptions. Canadian Entomologist 46, 149–156, 201–204, 252–258, 261–268.
American Trichoptera- notes and descriptions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Banks, N. (1930). Trichoptera from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 25, 127–132, plate 7.

Banks, N. (1936). Trichoptera from the Fiji islands. Psyche 43, 29–36.
Trichoptera from the Fiji islands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Banks, N. (1941). New neuropteroid insects from the Antilles. Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural 15, 385–402.

Blahnik, R. J., and Holzenthal, R. W. (2004). Collection and curation of Trichoptera, with an emphasis on pinned material. Nectopsyche. Neotropical Trichoptera Newsletter 1, 8–20.

Blahnik, R. J., Holzenthal, R. W., and Prather, A. L. (2007). The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In ‘Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Eds J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez and B. J. Armitage.) pp. 9–14. (The Caddis Press: Athens, AL.)

Blickle, R. L., and Morse, W. J. (1955). New and little known Polycentropus (Trichoptera). Bulletin of the Brooklin Entomological Society 50, 95–98.

Botosaneanu, L., and Wichard, W. (1983). Upper-Cretaceous Siberian and Canadian amber caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Contributions to Zoology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 53, 187–217.

Brauer, F. (1865). Zweiter bericht uber die auf der Weltfahrt der kais. Fregatte Novara gesammelten Neuroptera. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoologischen-Botanischen Gesselschaft in Wien 15, 415–422.

Brauer, F. (1870). Ueber Xiphocentron, eine neue Hydropsychidengattung. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein 20, 66.

Brues, C. T., and Melander, A. L. (1915). ‘Key to the Families of North American Insects: An Introduction to the Classification of Insects.’ (Published by the authors: Boston, MA.)

Bryant, H. N. (1995). Why autapomorphies should be removed: a reply to Yeates. Cladistics 11, 381–384.
Why autapomorphies should be removed: a reply to Yeates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chamorro, M. L., and Holzenthal, R. W. (2010). Taxonomy and phylogeny of New World Polyplectropus Ulmer, 1905 (Trichoptera: Psychomyioidea: Polycentropodidae) with the description of 39 new species. Zootaxa 2582, 1–252.

Curtis, J. (1835). ‘British Entomology – Being Illustrations and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects Found in Great Britain and Ireland Containing Coloured Figure from Nature of the Most Rare and Beautiful Species, and in Many Instances of the Plants Upon Which They Are Found (Vol. XII).’ (Richard Taylor: London.)

Denning, D. G. (1948). New species of Trichoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 41, 397–401.

Denning, D. G. (1949). New species of Nearctic caddis flies. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 44, 37–48.

Denning, D. G. (1964). Descriptions of five new Trichoptera. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 40, 241–245.

Denning, D. G., and Sykora, J. L. (1966). New North American Trichoptera. Canadian Entomologist 98, 1219–1226.
New North American Trichoptera.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Edington, J. M., and Hildrew, A. G. (1995). Caseless caddis larvae of the British Isles: a key with ecological notes. Freshwater Biological Association. Scientific Publication 53, 1–134.

Etnier, D. A. (1968). Range extensions of Trichoptera into Minnesota, with descriptions of two new species. Entomological News 79, 188–192.

Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.
Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fischer, F. C. J. (1962). ‘Trichopterorum Catalogus, Volume III. Polycentropodidae, Psychomyidae.’ (Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging: Amsterdam.)

Fischer, F. C. J. (1972). ‘Trichopterorum Catalogus, Volume XIII. Supplement to Vol. III and IV.’ (Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging: Amsterdam.)

Fitch, W. M. (1971). Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Systematic Zoology 20, 406–416.
Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Flint, O. S. (1964a). Notes on some Nearctic Psychomyiidae with special reference to their larvae (Trichoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 115, 467–481.

Flint, O. S. (1964b). The caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Puerto Rico. University of Puerto Rico, Agricultural Experiment Station. Technical Paper 40, 1–80.

Flint, O. S. (1971). Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XII: Rhyacophilidae, Glossosomatidae, Philopotamidae, and Psychomyiidae from the Amazon Basin (Trichoptera). Amazoniana 3, 1–67.

Flint, O. S. (1980). Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXIX: the genus Polycentropus (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 70, 148–160.

Flint, O. S. (1981). Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXVIII: The Trichoptera of the Río Limón Basin, Venezuela. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 330, 1–61.
Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXVIII: The Trichoptera of the Río Limón Basin, Venezuela.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Flint, O. S. (1991). Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XLV: The taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia, Colombia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 520, 1–113.
Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XLV: The taxonomy, phenology, and faunistics of the Trichoptera of Antioquia, Colombia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Flint, O. S., Jr, Holzenthal, R. W., and Harris, S. C. (1999). ‘Catalog of the Neotropical Caddisflies (Trichoptera).’ (Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus, OH.)

Frania, H. E., and Wiggins, G. B. (1997). Analysis of morphological and behavioural evidence for the phylogeny and higher classification of Trichoptera (Insecta). Life Sciences Contributions. Royal Ontario Museum 160, 1–67.

Gibbs, D. G. (1973). The Trichoptera of Ghana. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 20, 363–424.
The Trichoptera of Ghana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hagen, H. A. (1861). Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America with a list of the South American species. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 4, 1–347.

Hamilton, S. W., and Holzenthal, R. W. (2005). Five new species of Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) from Ecuador and Venezuela. Zootaxa 810, 1–14.

Hawkins, J. A., Hughes, C. E., and Scotland, R. W. (1997). Primary homology assessment, characters and character states. Cladistics 13, 275–283.
Primary homology assessment, characters and character states.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holzenthal, R. W., and Andersen, T. (2004). The caddisfly genus Triaenodes in the Neotropics (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae). Zootaxa 511, 1–80.

Holzenthal, R. W., Blahnik, R. J., Kjer, K. M., and Prather, A. L. (2007a). An update on the phylogeny of caddisflies (Trichoptera). In ‘Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Eds J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez and B. J. Armitage.) pp. 143–153. (The Caddis Press: Columbus, OH.)

Holzenthal, R. W., Blahnik, R. J., Prather, A. L., and Kjer, K. M. (2007b). Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), caddisflies. Zootaxa 1668, 639–698.

Hudson, P. L., Morse, J. C., and Voshell, J. R. (1981). Larva and pupa of Cernotina spicata. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 74, 516–519.

Huelsenbeck, J. P., and Ronquist, F. (2001). MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 17, 754–755.
MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogeny.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvotV2isw%3D%3D&md5=628ccc9bc9002bfdd8cc07e1d721bd28CAS |

Ivanov, V. D. (1990). Structure and function of setose warts of caddisflies. Latvijas Entomologs 33, 96–110.

Ivanov, V. D. (2002). Contribution to the Trichoptera phylogeny: new family tree with considerations of Trichoptera–Lepidoptera relations. Nova Supplementa Entomologica (Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Trichoptera) 15, 277–292.

Johanson, K. A., and Espeland, M. (2010). Phylogeny of the Ecnomidae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Cladistics 26, 36–48.
Phylogeny of the Ecnomidae (Insecta: Trichoptera).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kass, R. E., and Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayes factors. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90, 773–795.
Bayes factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kearney, M. (2002). Fragmentary taxa, missing data, and ambiguity: mistaken assumptions and conclusions. Systematic Biology 51, 369–381.
Fragmentary taxa, missing data, and ambiguity: mistaken assumptions and conclusions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kearney, M., and Clark, J. M. (2003). Problems due to missing data in phylogenetic analyses including fossils: a critical review. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 263–274.
Problems due to missing data in phylogenetic analyses including fossils: a critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kitching, I. J., Forey, P. L., Humphries, C. J., and Williams, D. J. (1998). ‘Cladistics: The Theory and Practice of Parsimony Analysis, 2nd Edition.’ (Oxford University Press: Oxford.)

Kjaerandsen, J., and Netland, K. (1997). Pahamunaya occidentalis, new species, from West-Africa, with a redescription of Cyrnodes scotti Ulmer (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). In ‘Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera’ (Eds R. W. Holzenthal and O. S. Flint, Jr.) pp. 249–257. (Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus, OH.)

Kjer, K. M., Blahnik, R. J., and Holzenthal, R. W. (2001). Phylogeny of Trichoptera (caddisflies): characterization of signal and noise within multiple datasets. Systematic Biology 50, 781–816.
Phylogeny of Trichoptera (caddisflies): characterization of signal and noise within multiple datasets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zntVKmtQ%3D%3D&md5=7f732fb307afdd86da2573bcc4bd1fd4CAS |

Kjer, K. M., Blahnik, R. J., and Holzenthal, R. W. (2002). Phylogeny of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera). Zoologica Scripta 31, 83–91.
Phylogeny of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Latreille, P. A. (1829). ‘Le Règne Animal. 2nd Edition, Vol. 4. Crustacés, Arachnides et Partie des Insectes.’ (Ed. G. Cuvier.) (Déterville: Paris.)

Leonard, J. W., and Leonard, F. A. (1949). An annotated list of Michigan Trichoptera. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, Univerity of Michigan 522, 1–35.

Lepneva, S. G. (1956). Morphological relationships of the subfamilies Psychomyinae, Ecnominae and Polycentropinae (Trichoptera, Annulipalpia) in the preimaginal stages. Review of Entomology of the USSR 35, 8–27.

Lepneva, S. G. (1964). ‘Caddisflies. Larvae and pupae of suborder Annulipalpia. Fauna of USSR. Volume 2, Part 1.’ (Nauka: Moscow.)

Lepneva, S. G. (1970). ‘Fauna of the USSR, Trichoptera II(1). Larvae and pupae of the Annulipalpia.’ (Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR: Moscow.)

Lestage, J. A. (1925). Notes Trichopterologiques. VIII. Etude de Groupe Polycentropidien et catalogue systématique des genres et espèces décrits depuis 1907 (in Genera Insectorum). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 65, 93–120.

Lewis, P. O. (2001). A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology 50, 913–925.
A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zntVKlsQ%3D%3D&md5=4a6e66acd4921cffb8bfa4254413586aCAS |

Li, Y. J., and Morse, J. C. (1997). Polyplectropus species (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae) from China, with considerations of their phylogeny. Insecta Mundi 11, 300–310.

Li, Y. J., Morse, J. C., and Tachet, H. (2001). Psedoneureclipsinae in Dipseudopsidae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychoidea), with descriptions of two new species of Pseudoneureclipsis from east Asia. Aquatic Insects 23, 107–117.
Psedoneureclipsinae in Dipseudopsidae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychoidea), with descriptions of two new species of Pseudoneureclipsis from east Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maddison, W. P. (1993). Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42, 576–581.
Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maddison, D. R., and Maddison, W. P. (2000). ‘MacClade 4: Analysis of Phylogeny and Character Evolution. Version 4.0.’ (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.)

Malicky, H. (1980). Beschreibungen von neuen mediterranen Köcherfliegen und bemerkungen zu bekannten (Trichoptera). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 32, 1–17.

Malicky, H. (1990). Zur Insektenfauna von Hospental, 1500 m, Kanton Uri 4. Trichoptera (Köcherfliegen). Entomologische Berichte (Luzern) 24, 123–128.

Malicky, H. (1992). Some unusual caddisflies (Trichoptera) from southeastern Asia (Studies on caddisflies of Thailand, No. 5). In ‘Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Ed. C. Tomaszewski.) pp. 381–384. (Adam Mickiewicz University Press: Poznan.)

Malicky, H. (1997). Weitere neue Köcherfliegen-Arten (Trichoptera) aus Asien. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 29, 217–238.

Malicky, H. (2001). Notes on the taxonomy of Rhadicoleptus, Ptilocolepus and Pseudoneureclipsis. Braueria 28, 19–20.

Malicky, H. (2005). Ein kommentiertes Verzeichnis der Köcherfliegen (Trichoptera) Europas und des Mediterrangebietes. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 37, 533–596.

Malicky, H. (2007). A survey of the Trichoptera of Sumatra. In ‘Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Trichoptera. (Eds J. Bueno-Soria, R. Barba-Alvarez and B. J. Armitage.) pp. 175–179. (The Caddis Press: Columbus, OH.)

Malicky, H., and Chantaramongkol, P. (1993). Neue Trichopteren aus Thailand. Teil 2: Rhyacophilidae, Philopotamidae, Polycentropodidae, Ecnomidae, Psychomyiidae, Xiphocentronidae, Helicopsychidae, Odontoceridae (Arbeiten über thailändische Köcherfliegen Nr. 12). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 25, 1137–1187.

Malicky, H., and Prommi, T. (2006). Beschreibungen einiger Köcherfliegen aus Süd-Thailand (Trichoptera) (Arbeit Nr. 42 über thailändische Köcherfliegen). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 38, 1591–1608.

Marlier, G. (1959). Mission de Muséum dans les Iles du Golfe de Guinée, Entomologie XII(1). Trichoptères de Sao Tomé. Revue Francaise d’Entomologie 26, 108–120.

Marlier, G. (1962). Notes sur les Trichopteres, III–V. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturalles de Belgique 38, 1–9.

Marshall, I. K. (2003). A morphological phylogeny for four families of amblyceran lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae, Ricinidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 138, 39–82.
A morphological phylogeny for four families of amblyceran lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera: Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae, Ricinidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Martynov, A. V. (1907). Trichoptera aus der Manchuerei. Zoologischer Anzeiger 32, 16–19.

Martynov, A. V. (1935). On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum. Part II. Integripalpia. Records from the Indian Museum 37, 93–209.

McFarlane, A. G. (1956). Additions to the New Zealand Trichoptera (Part 3). Records of the Canterbury Museum 7, 29–41.

McFarlane, A. G., and Cowie, B. (1981). Descriptions of new species and notes on some genera of New Zealand Trichoptera. Records of the Canterbury Museum 9, 353–385.

McLachlan, R. (1864). On the Trichopterous genus Polycentropus, and the allied genera. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 1, 25–31.

McLachlan, R. (1878). ‘A Monographic Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna, Part 7.’ (John van Voorst: London).

Mey, W. (2006). Notes on the caddisfly fauna of Lake Matano in Central Sulawesi (Insecta, Trichoptera). Beitraege zur Entomologie 56, 199–212.

Milne, L. J. (1936). ‘Studies in North American Trichoptera, 3.′ (Privately printed: Cambridge, MA.)

Morse, J. C. (1997). Checklist of world Trichoptera. In ‘Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Eds R. W. Holzenthal and O. S. Flint, Jr.) pp. 339–342. (Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus, OH.)

Morse, J. C. (2011). Trichoptera world checklist. Available at http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm [Accessed on 31 January 2011.]

Mosely, M. E., and Kimmins, D. E. (1953). ‘The Trichoptera of Australia and New Zealand.’ (British Museum, Natural History: London.)

Muñoz-Quesada, F., and Holzenthal, R. W. (1997). A new species of Xiphocentron (Antillopsyche) from Costa Rica with semiterrestrial immature stges (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae). In ‘Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Eds R. W. Holzenthal and O. S. Flint, Jr.) pp. 355–363. (Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus, OH.)

Navás, L. (1918). Tricópteros nuevos de España (quinta serie). Broteria 16, 7–20.

Navás, L. (1933). Neurotteri e tricotteri del “Deutsches Entomologisches Institut” di Berlino-Dahlem. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 65, 105–113.

Neboiss, A. (1977). A taxonomic and zoogeographic study of Tasmanian caddis flies (Insecta: Trichoptera). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 38, 1–208.

Neboiss, A. (1982). The caddis-flies (Trichoptera) of South-Western Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 30, 271–325.
The caddis-flies (Trichoptera) of South-Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Neboiss, A. (1993). Revised definitions of the genera of Nyctiophylax Brauer and Paranyctiophylax Tsuda (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). In ‘Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Ed. C. Otto.) pp. 107–111. (Backhuys Publishers: Leiden.)

Neboiss, A. (1994). A review of the genus Paranyctiophylax Tsuda from Sulawesi, Papua New Guinea and northern Australia (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 54, 191–205.

Nielsen, A. (1957). A comparative study of the genital segments and their appendages in male Trichoptera. Biologiske Skrifter. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 8, 1–159.

Nimmo, A. P. (1986). The adult Polycentropodidae of Canada and adjacent United States. Quaestiones Entomologicae 22, 143–252.

Novacek, M. J. (1992). Fossils, topologies, missing data, and higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals. Systematic Biology 41, 58–73.

Nylander, J. A. A., Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P., and Nieves-Aldrey, J. L. (2004). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53, 47–67.
Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oláh, J., and Johanson, K. A. (2010). Generic review of Polycentropodidae with description of 32 new species and 19 new species records from the Oriental, Australian and Afrotropical Biogeographical Regions. Zootaxa 2435, 1–63.

Patterson, C. (1982). Morphological characters and homology. In ‘Problems in Phylogenetic Reconstruction’. (Eds K. A. Joysey and A. E. Friday.) pp. 21–74. (Academic Press: London.)

Pictet, F. J. (1834). ‘Recherches pour Servir à l’Histoire et l’Anatomie des Phryganides.’ (A. Cherbuliez: Geneva.)

Prather, A. L. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of Leptoceroidea and Calamoceratidae, and revisions of the Neotropical genera Banyallarga and Phylloicus (Insecta: Trichoptera). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, MN.

Prather, A. L. (2003). Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly genus Phylloicus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae). Zootaxa 275, 1–214.

Prendini, L. (2001). Species or supraspecific taxa as terminals in cladistic analysis? Groundplans versus exemplars revisited. Systematic Biology 50, 290–300.
Species or supraspecific taxa as terminals in cladistic analysis? Groundplans versus exemplars revisited.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zntVOgtA%3D%3D&md5=aa347326b950e26b651e9b001c0b59a4CAS |

Riek, E. F. (1970). Trichoptera. In ‘The Insects of Australia’. (Ed. I. M. Mackerras.) pp. 741–764. (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)

Ronquist, F., and Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 19, 1572–1574.
MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlKms7k%3D&md5=2e3026ffe4fe8a7047647a21d09682feCAS |

Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J. P., and van der Mark, P. (2007). MrBayes 3.2 manual. Available at http://mrbayes.csit.fsu.edu/wiki/index.php/Manual_3.2. [Accessed on 1 January 2009.]

Ross, H. H. (1938). Descriptions of Nearctic caddis flies (Tricoptera). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 21, 101–183.

Ross, H. H. (1941). Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 67, 35–126.

Ross, H. H. (1944). The caddisflies or Trichoptera of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 23, 1–326.

Ross, H. H. (1947). Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 73, 125–168.

Ross, H. H. (1967). The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 12, 169–206.
The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ross, H. H., and Gibbs, D. G. (1973). The subfamily relationship of the Dipseudopsinae (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 8, 313–316.

Roy, D., Décamps, H., and Harper, P. P. (1980). Taxonomy of male and female Plectrocnemia (Trichoptera; Polycentropodidae) from the French Pyrenees. Aquatic Insects 2, 19–31.
Taxonomy of male and female Plectrocnemia (Trichoptera; Polycentropodidae) from the French Pyrenees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schmid, F. (1955). Contribution à la connaissance des Trichoptères néotropicaux. Mémoires de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 11, 117–160.

Schmid, F. (1958). Trichoptères de Ceylan. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 54, 1–173.

Schmid, F. (1964). Contribution a l’etude des trichopteres neotropicaux V. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 107, 307–339.

Schmid, F., and Denning, D. G. (1979). Descriptions of new Annulipalpia (Trichoptera) from southeastern Asia. Canadian Entomologist 111, 243–249.
Descriptions of new Annulipalpia (Trichoptera) from southeastern Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schuh, R. T. (2000). ‘Biological Systematics: Principles and Applications.’ (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY.)

Scudder, S. H. (1890). ‘The Tertiary Insects of North America.’ (Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.)

Snodgrass, R. E. (1935). ‘Principles of Insect Morphology.’ (McGraw-Hill: New York.)

Stephens, J. F. (1836). ‘Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects: Containing their Generic and Specific Distinctions; with an Account of their Metamorphoses, Times of Appearance, Localities, Food, and Economy, as far as Practicable, Mandibulata Vol. VI.’ (Baldwin and Cradock: London.)

Strong, E. E., and Lipscomb, D. (1999). Character coding and inapplicable data. Cladistics 15, 363–371.
Character coding and inapplicable data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sukatcheva, I. D. (1968). Mesozoic caddis flies (Trichoptera) of Transbaykalia. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1968, 59–75.

Sukatcheva, I. D. (1993). Oldest Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera) from Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 27, 192–196.

Sukatcheva, I. D. (1999). The early Cretaceous caddisfly fauna of England. In ‘Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Eds H. Malicky and P. Chantaramongkol.) pp. 371–375. (Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University: Chiang Mai.)

Swofford, D. L. (2003). ‘PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0’. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.)

Swofford, D. L., and Begle, D. P. (1993). ‘PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony User’s Manual’. (Illinois Natural History Survey: Champaign, IL.)

Swofford, D. L., Olsen, G. J., Waddell, P. J., and Hillis, D. M. (1996). Phylogenetic inference. In ‘Molecular Systematics, 2nd Edition’. (Eds D. M. Hillis, C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable.) pp. 407–514. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.)

Tachet, H., Morse, J. C., and Berly, A. (2001). The larva and pupa of Pseudoneureclipsis lusitanicus Malicky, 1980 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychoidea): description, ecological data and taxonomical considerations. Aquatic Insects 23, 93–106.
The larva and pupa of Pseudoneureclipsis lusitanicus Malicky, 1980 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychoidea): description, ecological data and taxonomical considerations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tillyard, R. J. (1926). ‘The Insects of Australia and New Zealand.’ (Angus and Robertson: Sydney.)

Tobias, D., and Tobias, W. (2009). Trichoptera Africana. Available at http://www.papers-tobias.de/Trichoptera%20africana/index.htm [Accessed 4 April 2011]

Tsuda, M. (1942). Japanische Trichopteren. I. Systematik. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University, Series B 17, 239–339.

Ulmer, G. (1903a). Hamburgische Elb-Untersuchung. V. Trichopteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum, Hamburg 20, 279–289.

Ulmer, G. (1903b). Uber die Metamorphose der Trichopteren. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 18, 1–154.

Ulmer, G. (1904). Ueber Westafrikanische Trichopteren. Zoologischer Anzeiger 28, 353–359.

Ulmer, G. (1906). Neuer beitrag zur kenntnis außereuropäischer Trichopteren. Notes from the Leyden Museum 28, 1–116.

Ulmer, G. (1910). Trichoptera. In: The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Second Series. Zoology 14, 41–54.

Ulmer, G. (1913). Über einige von Edw. Jacobson auf Java gesammelte Trichopteren, Zweiter Beitrag. Notes from the Leyden Museum 35, 78–101.

Ulmer, G. (1951). Köcherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln. Teil I. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 19, 1–528.

Vieira-Lanero, R. (2000). The caddisfly larvae (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Galicia (NW Spain). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela.

Walker, F. (1852). ‘Cataloque of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part I: Phryganides-Perlides.’ (British Museum: London.)

Weaver, J. S., and Malicky, H. (1994). The genus Dipseudopsis Walker from Asia (Trichoptera: Dipseudopsidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 137, 95–142.

Wichard, W. (1985). Köcherfliegen des Dominikanischen Bernsteins IV. Antillopsyche oliveri spec. nov. (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 20, 117–124.
Köcherfliegen des Dominikanischen Bernsteins IV. Antillopsyche oliveri spec. nov. (Trichoptera, Polycentropodidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wichard, W., Solorzano Kraemer, M. M., and Luer, C. (2006). First caddisfly species from Mexican amber (Insecta: Trichoptera). Zootaxa 1378, 37–48.

Wiens, J. J. (1998). Does adding characters with missing data increase or decrease phylogenetic accuracy? Systematic Biology 47, 625–640.
Does adding characters with missing data increase or decrease phylogenetic accuracy?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zitlelsg%3D%3D&md5=f9e83c1059904c5a5fe86b2efa6fd821CAS |

Wiens, J. J. (2003). Missing data, incomplete data, and phylogenetic accuracy. Systematic Biology 52, 528–538.
Missing data, incomplete data, and phylogenetic accuracy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wiens, J. J. (2006). Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39, 34–42.
Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotVGgsQ%3D%3D&md5=59774186a1ea3d03bf7770155dea24d4CAS |

Wiens, J. J., and Moen, D. S. (2008). Missing data and the accuracy of Bayesian phylogenetics. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 46, 307–314.

Wiens, J. J., Fetzner, J. W., Parkinson, C. L., and Reeder, T. W. (2005). Hylid frog phylogeny and sampling strategies for speciose clades. Systematic Biology 54, 778–807.
Hylid frog phylogeny and sampling strategies for speciose clades.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wiggins, G. B. (1981). Considerations on the relevance of immature stages to the systematics of Trichoptera. In ‘Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Trichoptera’. (Ed. G. P. Moretti.) pp. 395–407. (Dr. W. Junk: The Hague.)

Wiggins, G. B. (1996). ‘Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera), 2nd Edition.’ (University of Toronto Press: Toronto.)

Wiggins, G. B. (2004). ‘Caddisflies: the Underwater Architects.’ (University of Toronto Press: Toronto.)

Wilkinson, M. (1992). Ordered versus unordered characters. Cladistics 8, 375–385.
Ordered versus unordered characters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yamamoto, T. (1966). Five new species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus from South America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae). Canadian Entomologist 98, 908–912.
Five new species of the caddisfly genus Polycentropus from South America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Yeates, D. (1992). Why remove autapomorphies? Cladistics 8, 387–389.
Why remove autapomorphies?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |