References

Abbott LK, Murphy DV (Eds) (2003) ‘Soil biological fertility: a key to sustainable land use in agriculture.’ (Kluwer Academic Publishers: The Netherlands)

Anderson JPE (2003) Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 98, 285–293.
| CrossRef |

Anderson JPE, Domsch KH (1978) A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 10, 215–221.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Anderson JPE, Domsch KH (1989) Ratios of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon in arable soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 21, 471–479.
| CrossRef |

Anderson TH, Domsch KH (1993) The metabolic quotient for CO₂ (qCO₂ ) as a specific activity parameter to assess the effects of environmental conditions, such as pH, on the microbial biomass of forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25, 393–395.
| CrossRef |

Andrews SS, Mitchell JP, Mancinelli R, Karlen DL, Hartz TK, Horwath WR, Pettygrove GS, Scow KM, Munk DS (2002) On-farm assessment of soil quality in California’s central valley. Agronomy Journal 94, 12–23.
| CrossRef |

Arshad MA, Martin S (2002) Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 88, 153–160.
| CrossRef |

Balmford A, Bruner A, Cooper P, Costanza R, Farber S, Green RE, Jenkins M, Jefferiss P, Jessamy V, Madden J, Munro K, Myers N, Naeem S, Paavola J, Rayment M, Rosendo S, Roughgarden J, Trumper K, Turner RK (2002) Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297, 950–953.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Banning NC, Grant CD, Jones DL, Murphy DV (2008) Recovery of soil organic matter, organic matter turnover and nitrogen cycling in a postmining forest rehabilitation chronosequence. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 2021–2031.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Banning NC, Murphy DV (2008) Effect of heat-induced disturbance on microbial biomass and activity in forest soil and the relationship between disturbance effects and microbial community structure. Applied Soil Ecology 40, 109–119.
| CrossRef |

Banu NA, Singh B, Copeland L (2004) Soil microbial biomass and microbial biodiversity in some soils from New South Wales, Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 42, 777–782.
| CrossRef |

Bauhus J, Khanna PK (1994) Carbon and nitrogen turnover in two acid forest soils of southeast Australia as affected by phosphorus addition and drying and rewetting cycles. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17, 212–218.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bauhus J, Khanna PK, Hopmans P, Weston C (2002) Is soil carbon a useful indicator of sustainable forest soil management?—a case study from native eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 171, 59–74.
| CrossRef |

Bauhus J, Khanna PK, Raison RJ (1993) The effect of fire on carbon and nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in an Australian forest soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 31, 621–639.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bell M, Seymour N, Stirling GR, Stirling AM, Van Zwieten L, Vancov T, Sutton G, Moody P (2006) Impacts of management on soil biota in Vertosols supporting the broadacre grains industry in northern Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 433–451.
| CrossRef |

Bending GD, Turner MK, Rayns F, Marxc MC, Wood M (2004) Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36, 1785–1792.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology 37, 911–917.
| CAS | PubMed |

Bloem J, Schouten AJ, Sorensen SJ, Rutgers M, Van der Werf A, Breure AM (2005) Monitoring and evaluating soil quality. In ‘Microbial methods for assessing soil quality’. (Eds J Bloem, DW Hopkins, A Benedetti) pp. 23–49. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)

Brookes PC (1995) The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19, 269–279.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Brookes PC (2001) The soil microbial biomass: concept, measurement and applications in soil ecosystem research. Microbes and Environments 16, 131–140.
| CrossRef |

Brookes PC, Landman A, Pruden G, Jenkinson DS (1985) Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: a rapid direct extraction method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 17, 837–842.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Brookes PC, Powlson DS, Jenkinson DS (1982) Measurement of microbial biomass phosphorus in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 14, 319–329.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Broos K, Macdonald LM, Warne MSJ, Heemsbergen DA, Barnes MB, Bell M, McLaughlin MJ (2007) Limitations of soil microbial biomass carbon as an indicator of soil pollution in the field. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 2693–2695.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bünemann EK, Marschner P, Smernik RJ, Conyers M, McNeill AM (2008) Soil organic phosphorus and microbial community composition as affected by 26 years of different management strategies. Biology and Fertility of Soils 44, 717–726.
| CrossRef |

Bünemann EK, Schwenke GD, Van Zwieten L (2006) Impact of agricultural inputs on soil organisms—a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 379–406.
| CrossRef |

Carbon BA, Bartle GA, Murray AM, Macpherson DK (1980) The distribution of root length, and the limits to flow of soil water to roots in a dry sclerophyll forest (Eucalyptus marginata). Forest Science 26, 656–664.

Carson JK, Rooney D, Gleeson DB, Clipson N (2007) Altering the mineral composition of soil causes a shift inmicrobial community structure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 61, 414–423.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Carter MR, Gregorich EG, Angers DA, Beare MH, Sparling GP, Wardle DA, Voroney RP (1999) Interpretation of microbial biomass measurements for soil quality assessment in humid regions. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, 507–520.

Carter MR, Mele PM (1992) Changes in microbial biomass and structural stability at the surface of a duplex soil under direct drilling and stubble retention in north-eastern Victoria. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30, 493–503.
| CrossRef |

Carter MR, Parton WJ, Rowland IC, Schultz JE, Steed GR (1993) Simulation of soil organic carbon and nitrogen changes in cereal and pasture systems of southern Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research 31, 481–491.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cécillon L, Cassagne N, Czarnes S, Gros R, Brun JJ (2008) Variable selection in near infrared spectra for the biological characterization of soil and earthworm casts. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 1975–1979.
| CrossRef |

Chan KY, Dorahy C, Wells T, Fahey D, Donovan N, Saleh F, Barchia I (2008a) Use of garden organic compost in vegetable production under contrasting soil P status. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 374–382.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Chan KY, Heenan DP (1999) Microbial-induced soil aggregate stability under different crop rotations. Biology and Fertility of Soils 30, 29–32.
| CrossRef |

Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2008b) Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46, 437–444.
| CrossRef |

Chen CR, Xu ZH (2005) Soil carbon and nitrogen pools and microbial properties in a 6-year-old slash pine plantation of subtropical Australia: impacts of harvest residue management. Forest Ecology and Management 206, 237–247.
| CrossRef |

Chen CR, Xu ZH, Blumfield TJ, Hughes JM (2003) Soil microbial biomass during the early establishment of hoop pine plantation: seasonal variation and impacts of site preparation. Forest Ecology and Management 186, 213–225.
| CrossRef |

Chen CR, Xu ZH, Hughes JM (2002) Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil nitrogen pools and microbial properties in a hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantation in southeast Queensland, Australia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 36, 276–283.
| CrossRef |

Chen CR, Xu ZH, Zhang SL, Keay P (2005) Soluble organic nitrogen pools in forest soils of subtropical Australia. Plant and Soil 277, 285–297.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Chilcott CR, Dalal RC, Parton WJ, Carter JO, King AJ (2007) Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland. IX. Simulation of soil carbon and nitrogen pools using CENTURY model. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 206–217.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cookson WR, Abayeb DA, Marschner P, Murphy DV, Stockdale EA, Goulding KWT (2005) The contribution of soil organic matter fractions to carbon and nitrogen mineralization and microbial community size and structure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37, 1726–1737.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cookson WR, Marschner P, Clark IM, Milton N, Smirk MN, Murphy DV, Osman M, Stockdale EA, Hirsch PR (2006) The influence of season, agricultural management, and soil properties on gross nitrogen transformations and bacterial community structure. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 453–465.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cookson WR, Murphy DV, Roper MM (2008b) Characterizing the relationships between soil organic matter components and microbial function and composition along a tillage disturbance gradient. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 763–777.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cookson WR, O’Donnell AJ, Grant CD, Grierson PF, Murphy DV (2008a) Impact of ecosystem management on microbial community level physiological profiles of postmining forest rehabilitation. Microbial Ecology 55, 321–332.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Cookson WR, Osman M, Marschner P, Abayed DA, Clarke I, Murphy DV, Stockdale EA, Watson CA (2007) Controls on soil nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition across land use and incubation temperature. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 744–756.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Corbeels M, O’Connell AM, Grove TS, Mendham DS, Rance SJ (2003) Nitrogen release from eucalypt leaves and legume residues as influenced by their biochemical quality and degree of contact with soil. Plant and Soil 250, 15–28.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cotching WE, Cooper J, Sparrow LA, McCorkell BE, Rowley W (2001) Effects of agricultural management on sodosols in northern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39, 711–735.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cotching WE, Cooper J, Sparrow LA, McCorkell BE, Rowley W (2002a) Effects of agricultural management on tenosols in northern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 45–63.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cotching WE, Cooper J, Sparrow LA, McCorkell BE, Rowley W (2002b) Effects of agricultural management on dermosols in northern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 65–79.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cotching WE, Cooper J, Sparrow LA, McCorkell BE, Rowley W, Hawkins K (2002c) Effects of agricultural management on Vertosols in northern Tasmania. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 1267–1286.
| CrossRef |

Dalal RC (1998) Soil microbial biomass–what do the number really mean? Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 649–665.
| CrossRef |

Dalal RC, Chan KY (2001) Soil organic matter in rainfed cropping systems of the Australian cereal belt. Australian Journal of Soil Research 39, 435–464.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Dalal RC, Henderson PA, Glasby JM (1991) Organic matter and microbial biomass in a vertisol after 20 yr of zero-tillage. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 23, 435–441.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Dalal RC, Mayer RJ (1987) Long-term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in Southern Queensland. VII. Dynamics of nitrogen mineralisation potentials and microbial biomass. Australian Journal of Soil Research 25, 461–472.
| CrossRef |

de Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41, 393–408.

Doran JW (2002) Soil health and global sustainability: translating science into practice. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 88, 119–127.
| CrossRef |

Doran JW, Zeiss MR (2000) Soil health and sustainability: managing the biotic component of soil quality. Applied Soil Ecology 15, 3–11.
| CrossRef |

FAO (1995) Planning for sustainable use of land resources: towards a new approach. In ‘Land and Water Bulletin No. 2’. (Eds WG Sombroek, D Sims) (FAO: Rome)

Flavel TC, Murphy DV (2006) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization rates after application of organic amendments to soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 35, 183–193.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Fließbach A, Widmer F (2005) Monitoring and evaluating soil quality. In ‘Microbial methods for assessing soil quality’. (Eds J Bloem, DW Hopkins, A Benedetti) pp. 73–76. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)

Foley WJ, McIlwee A, Lawler I, Aragones L, Woolnough AP, Berding N (1998) Ecological applications of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy – a tool for rapid, cost-effective prediction of the composition of plant and animal tissues and aspects of animal performance. Oecologia 116, 293–305.
| CrossRef |

Ford DJ, Cookson WR, Adams MA, Grierson PF (2007) Role of soil drying in nitrogen mineralization and microbial community function in semi-arid grasslands of north-west Australia. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 1557–1569.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ghosh S, Hulugalle N, Lockwood P, King K (2008) Organic amendments influence nutrient availability and cotton productivity in irrigated Vertosols. Australian Journal of Soil Research 59, 1068–1078.

Giller KE, Witter E, McGrath SP (1998) Toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and microbial processes in agricultural soils: a review. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 30, 1389–1414.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Gil-Sotres F, Trasar-Cepeda C, Leiros MC, Seoane S (2005) Different approaches to evaluating soil quality using biochemical properties. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37, 877–887.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Goidts E, Van Wesemael B, Crucifix M (2009) Magnitude and sources of uncertainties in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock assessments at various scales. European Journal of Soil Science 60, 723–739.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Gonzalez-Quiñones V, Banning NC, Jimenez Ballesta R, Murphy DV (2009) Influence of cold storage on soil microbial community level physiological profiles. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41, 1574–1576.
| CrossRef |

Greenfield L (1988) Soil biological and biochemical investigations on Deception and Signy Islands. Bulletin – British Antarctic Survey 81, 75–76.

Griffith JA (1998) Connecting ecological monitoring and ecological indicators: a review of the literature. Journal of Environmental Systems 26, 325–363.
| CrossRef |

Gupta VVSR, Roper MM, Kirkegaard JA, Angus JF (1994) Changes in microbial biomass and organic matter levels during the first year of modified tillage and stubble management practices on a red earth. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 1339–1354.
| CrossRef |

Haines PJ, Uren NC (1990) Effects of conservation tillage farming on soil microbial biomass, organic matter and earthworm populations, in north-eastern Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 365–371.
| CrossRef |

Halvorson JJ, Smith JL, Papendick RI (1996) Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality: a field example. Biology and Fertility of Soils 21, 207–214.
| CrossRef |

Hassink J (1997) The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles. Plant and Soil 191, 77–87.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Hobbs RJ, Harris JA (2001) Restoration ecology: repairing the earth’s ecosystems in the new millenium. Restoration Ecology 9, 239–246.
| CrossRef |

Holt JA (1997) Grazing pressure and soil carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in semi-arid northeastern Australia. Applied Soil Ecology 5, 143–149.
| CrossRef |

Höper H (2006) Substrate-induced respiration. In ‘Microbial methods for assessing soil quality’. (Eds J Bloem, DW Hopkins, A Benedetti) pp. 84–92. (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)

Hopmans P, Bauhus J, Khanna P, Weston C (2005) Carbon and nitrogen in forest soils: potential indicators for sustainable management of eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 220, 75–87.
| CrossRef |

Hossain AKMA, Raison RJ, Khanna PK (1995) Effects of fertilizer application and fire regime on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and nitrogen mineralization in an Australian subalpine eucalypt forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19, 246–252.
| CrossRef |

Hoyle FC, Murphy DV (2006) Seasonal changes in microbial function and diversity associated with stubble retention versus burning. Australian Journal of Soil Research 44, 407–423.
| CrossRef |

Hoyle FC, Murphy DV, Fillery IRP (2006) Temperature and stubble management influence microbial CO₂-C evolution and gross N transformation rates. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 71–80.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Huang Z, Xu Z, Chen C (2008) Effect of mulching on labile soil organic matter pools, microbial community functional diversity and nitrogen transformations in two hardwood plantations of subtropical Australia. Applied Soil Ecology 40, 229–239.
| CrossRef |

Huber S, Syed B, Freudenschub A, Ernstsen V, Loveland P (2001) Proposal for a European soil monitoring and assessment framework. Technical Report 61, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

Hulugalle N, Ghosh S, Weaver T, Finlay L, Daniel H, Lockwood P (2009) Cattle manure and composted gin trash: benefits and costs. The Australian Cottongrower 29, 16–17.

Hussain I, Olson KR, Wander MM, Karlen DL (1999) Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois. Soil & Tillage Research 50, 237–249.
| CrossRef |

Ingram JSI, Fernandes ECM (2001) Managing carbon sequestration in soils: concepts and terminology. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 87, 111–117.
| CrossRef |

Insam H (2001) Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s. Geoderma 100, 389–402.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Islam KR, Weil RR (1998) Microwave irradiation of soil for routine measurement of microbial biomass carbon. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27, 408–416.
| CrossRef | CAS |

ISO (1997a) Soil quality—Determination of soil microbial biomass. Part 2: Fumigation-extraction method. ISO Sstandard 14240 : 2 : 1997. Available at: www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue (accessed 15/09/2010).

ISO (1997b) Soil quality—Determination of soil microbial biomass – Part 1: Substrate-induced respiration method. ISO Standard 14240 : 1 : 1997. Available at: www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue (accessed 15/09/2010).

Jenkinson DS (1977) The soil biomass. New Zealand Soil News 25, 213–218.

Jenkinson DS (1988) Determination of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil. In ‘Advances in nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems’. (Ed. JR Wilson) pp. 368–86. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Jenkinson DS (1990) The turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 329, 361–368.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jenkinson DS, Brookes PC, Powlson DS (2004) Measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36, 5–7.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jenkinson DS, Ladd JN (1981) Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In ‘Soil biochemistry. Vol. 5’. (Eds EA Paul, JN Ladd) pp. 415–471. (Marcel Dekker: New York, Basel)

Jenkinson DS, Oades JM (1979) A method for measuring adenosine triphosphate in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 11, 193–199.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jenkinson DS, Powlson DS (1976a) The effects of biocidal treatment on metabolism in soil. I. Fumigation with chloroform. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 8, 209–213.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jenkinson DS, Powlson DS (1976b) The effects of biocidal treatment on metabolism in soil. V. A method for measuring soil biomass. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 8, 209–213.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Karlen DL, Andrews SS, Doran JW (2001) Soil quality: current concepts and applications. Advances in Agronomy 74, 1–40.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Karlen DL, Stott DE (1994) A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. In ‘Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment’. SSSA Special Publication No. 5. (Eds JW Doran, DC Coleman, DF Bezdicek, BA Stewart) pp. 53–72. (SSSA: Madison, WI)

Kasel S, Bennett LT (2007) Land-use history, forest conversion, and soil organic carbon in pine plantations and native forests of south eastern Australia. Geoderma 137, 401–413.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Kasel S, Bennett LT, Tibbits J (2008) Land use influences soil fungal community composition across central Victoria, south-eastern Australia. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 1724–1732.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Kelly C, Allan C, Wilson BP (2009) Soil indicators and their use by farmers in the Billabong Catchment, southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Soil Research 47, 234–242.
| CrossRef |

Khan S, Hesham AE, Qiao M, Rehman S, He J-Z (2010) Effects of Cd and Pd on soil microbial community structure and activites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 17, 288–296.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Kosmelj K, Cedilnik A, Kalan P (2001) Comparison of a two stage sampling design and its composite sampling alternative: an application to soil studies. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 8, 109–119.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ladd JN, Amato M, Li-kai Z, Schultz JE (1994) Differential effects of rotation, plant residue and nitrogen fertilizer on microbial biomass and organic matter in an Australian Alfisol. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26, 821–831.
| CrossRef |

Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by erosion. Land Degradation and Development 12, 519–539.
| CrossRef |

Lambers H, Cramer MD, Shane MW, Wouterlood M, Poot P, Veneklaas EJ (2003) Structure and functioning of cluster roots and plant responses to phosphate deficiency. Plant and Soil 248, IX–XIX.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Larson and Pierce (1994) The dynamics of soil quality as a measure of sustainable management. In ‘Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment’. SSSA Special Publication No. 35. (Eds JW Doran, DC Coleman, DF Bezdicek, BA Stewart) pp. 37–51. (SSSA: Madison, WI)

Lee YB, Lorenz N, Dick LK, Dick RP (2007) Cold storage and pretreatment incubation effects on soil microbial properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 71, 1299–1305.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Lilburne L, Sparling G, Schipper L (2004) Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand: development of an interpretative framework. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 104, 535–544.
| CrossRef |

Lodge GM, King KL (2006) Soil microbial biomass, labile and total carbon levels of grazed sown and native pastures in northern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 837–845.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ludwig B, Khanna PK, Bauhus J, Hopmans P (2002) Near infrared spectroscopy of forest soils to determine chemical and biological properties related to soil sustainability. Forest Ecology and Management 171, 121–132.
| CrossRef |

Luxhøi J, Fillery IRP, Murphy DV, Bruun S, Jensen LS, Recous S (2008a) Distribution and controls on gross N mineralization-immobilization-turnover in soil subjected to zero tillage. European Journal of Soil Science 59, 190–197.
| CrossRef |

Luxhøi J, Fillery IRP, Recous S, Jensen LS (2008b) Carbon and N turnover in moist sandy soil following short exposure to a range of high soil temperature regimes. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46, 710–718.
| CrossRef |

Lynch JM (1983) Microbiological factors in crop productivity. In ‘Soil biotechnology’. (Blackwell Scientific: Oxford, UK)

Madsen EL (1996) A critical analysis of methods for determining the composition and biogeochemical activities of soil microbial communities in situ. In ‘Soil biochemistry. Vol. 9’. (Eds G Stotzky, JM Bollag) pp. 287–370. (Marcel Dekker: New York)

Martens R (1985) Limitations in the application of the fumigation technique for biomass estimations in amended soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 17, 57–63.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Martens R (1987) Estimation of microbial biomass in soil by the respiration method: importance of soil pH and flushing methods for the measurement of respired CO₂. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 77–81.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Martens R (1995) Current methods for measuring microbial biomass C in soil: potentials and limitations. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19, 87–99.
| CrossRef | CAS |

McNeill AM, Sparling GP, Murphy DV, Braunberger P, Fillery IRP (1998) Changes in extractable and microbial C, N, and P in a Western Australian wheatbelt soil following simulated summer rainfall. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 841–854.
| CrossRef |

Mendham DS, O’Connell AM, Grove TS (2002) Organic matter characteristics under native forest, long-term pasture, and recent conversion to Eucalptus plantations in Western Australia: microbial biomass, soil respiration, and permanganate oxidation. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 859–872.
| CrossRef |

Merrington G, Rogers SL, Van Zwieten L (2002) The potential impact of long-term copper fungicide usage on soil microbial biomass and microbial activity in an avocado orchard. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 749–759.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Murphy DV, Sparling GP, Fillery IRP (1998a) Stratification of microbial biomass C and N and gross N mineralisation with soil depth in two contrasting Western Australian agricultural soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 45–55.
| CrossRef |

Murphy DV, Sparling GP, Fillery IRP, McNeill AM, Braunberger P (1998b) Mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen and microbial respiration after simulated summer rainfall events in an agricultural soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 231–246.
| CrossRef |

Murphy DV, Stockdale EA, Poulton PR, Willison TW, Goulding KWT (2007) Seasonal dynamics of carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes under continuous arable and ley–arable rotations in a temperate environment. European Journal of Soil Science 58, 1410–1424.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Nannipieri P, Ascher J, Ceccherini MT, Landi L, Pietramellara G, Renella G (2003) Microbial diversity and soil functions. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 655–670.
| CrossRef |

Nielsen MN, Winding A (2002) Microorganisms as indicators of soil health. Technical Report No. 338. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark.

Odum EP (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262–270.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

OECD (1995) Final report of the OECD workshop on selection of soils/sediments. p. 55. Belgirate, Italy. (OECD: Paris)

Ophel-Keller K, McKay A, Hartley D, Herdina , Curran J (2008) Development of a routine DNA-based testing service for soilborne diseases in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 37, 243–253.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Pankhurst C, Doube BM, Gupta VVSR (1997) Biological indicators of soil health: synthesis. In ‘Biological indicators of soil health’. (Eds CE Pankhurst, BM Doube, VVSR Gupta) pp. 419–435. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Pankhurst CE, Blair BL, Magarey RC, Stirling GR, Belle MJ, Garside AL (2005a) Effect of rotation breaks and organic matter amendments on the capacity of soils to develop biological suppression towards soil organisms associated with yield decline of sugarcane. Applied Soil Ecology 28, 271–282.
| CrossRef |

Pankhurst CE, Hawke BG, McDonald HJ, Kirkby CA, Buckerfield JC, Michelsen P, O’Brien KA, Gupta VVSR, Doube BM (1995) Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1015–1028.
| CrossRef |

Pankhurst CE, Kirkby CA, Hawke BG, Harch BD (2002a) Impact of a change in tillage and crop residue management practice on soil chemical and microbiological properties in a cereal-producing red duplex soil in NSW, Australia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, 189–196.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Pankhurst CE, Magarey RC, Stirling GR, Blair L, Bell MJ, Garside AL (2003) Management practices to improve soil health and reduce the effects of detrimental soil biota associated with yield decline of sugarcane in Queensland, Australia. Soil and Tillage Research 72, 125–137.
| CrossRef |

Pankhurst CE, McDonald HJ, Hawke BG, Kirkby CA (2002b) Effect of tillage and stubble management on chemical and microbiological properties and the development of suppression towards cereal root disease in soils from two sites in NSW, Australia. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 34, 833–840.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Pankhurst CE, Stirling GR, Magarey RC, Blair BL, Holt JA, Bell MJ, Garside AL (2005b) Quantification of the effects of rotation breaks on soil biological properties and their impact on yield decline in sugarcane. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37, 1121–1130.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Pankhurst CE, Yu S, Hawke BG, Harch BD (2001) Capacity of fatty acid profiles and substrate utilization patterns to describe differences in soil microbial communities associated with increased salinity or alkalinity at three locations in South Australia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 33, 204–217.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Parton WJ, Schimel DS, Colc CV, Ojima DS (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic matter levels in Great Plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 51, 1173–1179.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Patil GP (2002) Composite sampling. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics 1, 387–391.

Powlson DS (1994) The soil microbial biomass: before, beyond and back. In ‘Beyond the biomass; composition and functional analysis of soil microbial communities’. (Eds K Ritz, J Dighton, KE Giller) pp. 3–20. (John Wiley: Chichester, UK)

Powlson DS, Brookes PC, Christensen BT (1987) Measurement of soil microbial biomass provides an early indication of changes in total soil organic matter due to straw incorporation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 159–164.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Rapport DJ, Costanza R, McMichael AJ (1998) Assessing ecosystem health. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 397–402.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Robertson FA, Myers RJK, Saffigna PG (1993) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in cultivated and grassland soils in subtropical Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research 31, 611–619.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Robertson FA, Thorburn PJ (2007) Management of sugarcane harvest residues: consequences for soil carbon and nitrogen. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 13–23.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Roper MM, Gupta VVSR, Murphy DV (2010) Tillage practices altered labile soil organic carbon and microbial function without affecting crop yields. Australian Journal of Soil Research 48, 274–285.
| CrossRef |

Ross DJ, Tate KR, Cairns A, Meyrick KF (1980) Influence of storage on soil microbial biomass estimated by three biochemical procedures. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 12, 369–374.
| CrossRef |

Saffigna PG, Powlson DS, Brookes PC, Thomas GA (1989) Influence of sorghum residues and tillage on soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass in an Australian vertisol. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 21, 759–765.
| CrossRef |

Saggar S, Bettany JR, Stewart JWB (1981) Measurement of microbial sulphur in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 13, 493–498.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sánchez-Marañón M, Soriano M, Delgado G, Delgado R (2002) Soil quality in Mediterranean mountain environments: effects of land use change. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 948–958.

ŠantrůČková H, Bird MI, Lloyd J (2000) Microbial processes and carbon-isotope fractionation in tropical and temperate grassland soils. Functional Ecology 14, 108–114.
| CrossRef |

Saviozzi A, Levi-Minzi R, Cardelli R, Riffaldi R (2001) A comparison of soil quality in adjacent cultivated, forest and native grassland soils. Plant and Soil 233, 251–259.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sawada Y (1999) Soil microbial indices for assessing the progress of rehabilitation of mined lands and mined residues. PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.

Schimel J, Balser TC, Wallenstein M (2007) Microbial stress-response physiology and its implications for ecosystem function. Ecology 88, 1386–1394.
| CrossRef | PubMed |

Schloter M, Dilly O, Munich JC (2003) Indicators for evaluating soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 98, 255–262.
| CrossRef |

Schwenke GD, Mulligan DR, Bell LC (2000) Soil stripping and replacement for the rehabilitation of bauxite-mined land at Weipa. I. Initial changes to soil organic matter and related parameters. Australian Journal of Soil Research 38, 345–369.
| CrossRef |

Skjemstad JO, Clarke P, Taylor JA, Oades JM, McClure SG (1996) The chemistry and nature of protected carbon in soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research 34, 251–271.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Skjemstad JO, Taylor JA, Smernik RJ (1999) Estimation of charcoal (char) in soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30, 2283–2298.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Smith JL, Paul EA (1990) The significance of soil microbial estimations. In ‘Soil biochemistry. Vol. 6’. (Eds JM Bollag, G Stotzky) pp. 357–396. (Marcel Dekker: New York)

Sojka RE, Upchurch DR, Borlaug NE (2003) Quality soil management or soil quality management: performance versus semantics. Advances in Agronomy 79, 1–68.
| CrossRef |

Sparling GP (1985) The soil biomass. In ‘Soil organic material and biological activity’. (Eds D Vaughan, RE Malcolm) pp. 223–262. (Nijhoff /Junk Publishers: The Netherlands)

Sparling GP (1992) Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30, 195–207.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sparling GP (1997) Soil microbial biomass, activity and nutrient cycling as indicators of soil health. In ‘Biological indicators of soil health’. (Eds CE Pankhurst, BM Doube, VVSR Gupta) pp. 97–119. (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Sparling GP, Brandenburg SA, Zhu C (1994) Microbial C and N in revegetated wheatbelt soils in Western Australia: estimation in soil, humus and leaf-litter using the ninhydrin method. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26, 1179–1184.
| CrossRef |

Sparling GP, Eiland F (1982) A comparison of methods for measuring ATP and microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 15, 221–229.

Sparling GP, Ord BG, Vaughan D (1981) Changes in microbial biomass and activity in soils amended with phenolic acids. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 13, 455–460.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sparling GP, Parfitt RL, Hewitt A, Schipper LA (2003) Three possible approaches to define desirable soil organic matter contents. Journal of Environmental Quality 32, 760–766.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Sparling GP, Schipper LA (2002) Soil quality at a national scale in New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Quality 31, 1848–1857.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Sparling GP, Schipper LA, Bettjeman W, Hill R (2004) Soil quality monitoring in New Zealand: practical lessons from a 6-year trial. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 104, 523–534.
| CrossRef |

Sparling GP, West AW (1988) A direct extraction method to estimate soil microbial C: calibration in situ using microbial respiration and ¹⁴C-labelled cells. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 20, 337–343.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sparling GP, Williams BL (1986) Microbial biomass in organic soils: estimation of biomass C, and effect of glucose or cellulose amendments on the amounts of N and P released by fumigation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 18, 507–513.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sparling GP, Zhu C (1993) Evaluation and calibration of biochemical methods to measure microbial biomass C and N in soils from Western Australia. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 25, 1793–1801.
| CrossRef |

Sparrow LA, Cotching WE, Cooper J, Rowley W (1999) Attributes of Tasmanian ferrosols under different agricultural management. Australian Journal of Soil Research 37, 603–622.

Stirling GR, Lodge GM (2005) A survey of Australian temperate pastures in summer and winter rainfall zones: soil nematodes, chemical, and biochemical properties. Australian Journal of Soil Research 43, 887–904.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Stockdale EA, Brookes PC (2006) Detection and quantification of the soil microbial biomass—impacts on the management of agricultural soils. The Journal of Agricultural Science 144, 285–302.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Stockdale EA, Powlson DS (2005) Can we measure soil quality—and who cares? SEESOIL – Journal of the South East England Soils Discussion Group 16, 3–14. Available at: www.soils.org.uk/downloads/SEESOIL%20Vol16%20contents.doc (accessed 24/11/2010).

Stockdale EA, Watson CA, Black HIJ, Phillips L (2006) Do farm management practices alter below-ground biodiversity and ecosystem function? Implications for sustainable land management. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No. 364.

Tate KR, Jenkinson DS (1982) Adenosine triphosphate measurement in soil: an improved method. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 14, 331–335.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Thompson JP (1992) Soil biotic and biochemical factors in a long-term tillage and stubble management experiment on a vertisol. 2. Nitrogen deficiency with zero tillage and stubble retention. Soil & Tillage Research 22, 339–361.
| CrossRef |

Tunlid A, White DC (1992) Biochemical analysis of biomass, community structure, nutritional status, and metabolic activity of microbial communities in soil. In ‘Soil biochemistry. Vol. 7’. (Eds G Stotzky, JM Bollag) pp. 229–262. (Dekker: New York)

Van Gestel M, Ladd JN, Amato M (1992) Microbial biomass responses to seasonal change and imposed drying regimes at increasing depths of undisturbed topsoil profiles. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24, 103–111.
| CrossRef |

van Ittersum MK, Rabbinge R (1997) Concepts in production ecology for analysis and quantification of agricultural input–output combinations. Field Crops Research 52, 197–208.
| CrossRef |

van Vliet PCJ, Gupta VVSR, Abbott LK (2000) Soil biota and crop residue decomposition during summer and autumn in south-western Australia. Applied Soil Ecology 14, 111–124.
| CrossRef |

Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987a) Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils: the use of the chloroform fumigation-incubation method in strongly acid soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 697–702.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Vance ED, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1987b) An extraction method for measuring soil microbial C. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 19, 703–707.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Waksman SA (1927) ‘Principles of soil microbiology.’ (Baillière, Tindall and Cox: London)

Wall DH, Bardgett RD, Covich AP, Snelgrove PVR (2004) The need for understanding how biodiversity and ecosystem functioning affect ecosystem services in soils and sediments. In ‘Sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem services in soils and sediments’. Scope 64, USA. (Ed. DH Wall) pp. 1–12. (Island Press: Washington, DC)

Wander MM, Walter GL, Nissen TM, Bollero GA, Andrews SS, Cavanaugh-Grant DA (2002) Soil quality: science and process. Agronomy Journal 94, 23–32.
| CrossRef |

Wang W, Dalal RC, Moody PW (2001) Evaluation of the microwave irradiation method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, 1696–1703.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Wardle DA (1992) A comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 67, 321–358.
| CrossRef |

Wardle DA, Ghani A (1995) A critique of the microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) as a bioindicators of disturbance and ecosystem development. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 27, 1601–1610.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Wells AT, Chan KY, Cornish PS (2000) Comparison of conventional and alternative vegetable farming systems on the properties of a yellow earth in New South Wales. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 80, 47–60.
| CrossRef |

White D, Davis WM, Nickels JS, King JD, Bobbie RJ (1979) Determination of the sedimentary microbial biomass by extractable lipid phosphate. Oecologia 40, 51–62.
| CrossRef |

White PS, Walker JL (1997) Approximating nature’s variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5, 338–349.
| CrossRef |

Winder JL, Cannon KR, Goddard TW (2003) Evaluation of a soil quality test for Alberta. Final Project Report, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Conservation and Development Branch, Edmonton, Canada.

Winding A, Hund-Rinke K, Rutgers M (2005) The use of microorganisms in ecological soil classification and assessment concepts. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62, 230–248.
| CrossRef | CAS | PubMed |

Wollum AG (1994) Soil sampling for microbiological analysis. In ‘Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: Microbiological and biochemical properties’. (Eds RW Weaver, S Angle, P Bottomley, D Bezdicek, S Smith, A Tabatabai, A Wollum) pp. 1–14. (Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)

Wu J, Joergensen RG, Pommerening B, Chaussod R, Brookes PC (1990) Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation-extraction – an automated procedure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 22, 1167–1169.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Xu Z, Ward S, Chen C, Blumfield T, Prasolova N, Liu J (2008) Soil carbon and nutrient pools, microbial properties and gross nitrogen transformations in adjacent natural forest and hoop pine plantations of subtropical Australia. Journal of Soils and Sediments 8, 99–105.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Zelles L (1999) Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 29, 111–129.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Zornoza R, Guerrero C, Mataix-Solera J, Scow KM, Arcenegui V, Mataix-Beneyto J (2008) Near infrared spectroscopy for determination of various physical, chemical and biochemical properties in Mediterranean soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40, 1923–1930.
| CrossRef | CAS |