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RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 76(14)

Shallow but striking genetic structure in the highly connected New Zealand sand dollar (Fellaster zelandiae)

Ian S. Dixon-Anderson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8141 A * , Miles D. Lamare A and Ceridwen I. Fraser A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

* Correspondence to: i.dixonanderson@gmail.com

Handling Editor: Peter Unmack

Marine and Freshwater Research 76, MF25016 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF25016
Submitted: 22 January 2025  Accepted: 19 August 2025  Published: 24 September 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

Phylogeographic patterns can reveal the physical environmental processes that shape biodiversity. Marine species often have dispersive larval stages, but might not be well-connected over large distances. Sand dollars, for example, often show regional isolation but local connectivity.

Aims

This study sought to quantify the population genomic structure of the New Zealand sand dollar, Fellaster zelandiae.

Methods

Sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene fragment determined the phylogenetic relationship of Fellaster with other sand dollars globally, and genotyping-by-sequencing (40,725 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) revealed the phylogeography of this species around New Zealand.

Key results

The genus Fellaster was resolved as sister to its Australian counterpart, Arachnoides. Fellaster zelandiae showed evidence of strong connectivity among populations.

Conclusions

Small-scale genetic variation between northern and southern populations appears to be consistent with biogeographic patterns seen in other coastal species in New Zealand and is probably driven by isolation of some regions by oceanographic features incluing the East Auckland Current, East Cape Current and Southland Current.

Implications

While the strong connectivity of many contemporary Fellaster zelandiae populations is likely to be the result of a long-lived larval stage, gene flow may reduce in the future if larval development times decrease.

Keywords: biogeography, Clypeasteroida, echinoderms, GBS, genotyping-by-sequencing, marine invertebrate, phylogeny, population genetics, sand dollar.

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