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REVIEW (Open Access)
Contents Vol 76(14)

The ‘canary of the estuary’, the contribution of Sydney rock oyster aquaculture to understanding and protecting Australian estuarine health

Michael C. Dove A , Laura M. Parker A B * , Anthony Zammit C , Hazel Farrell C , Penelope Ajani D , Shauna Murray D , Kirsten Benkendorff https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4052-3888 E , Geoff R. MacFarlane F and Wayne A. O’Connor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-4668 A F *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW 2316, Australia.

B School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.

C NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Taree, NSW 2430, Australia.

D School of Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.

E National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia.

F School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.

* Correspondence to: l.parker@unsw.edu.au, wayne.o’connor@dpi.nsw.gov.au

Handling Editor: Bridie Allan

Marine and Freshwater Research 76, MF25018 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF25018
Submitted: 30 January 2025  Accepted: 23 July 2025  Published: 9 September 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

The Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) is an iconic Australian native species of great commercial and ecological significance, that has been farmed in New South Wales for over 150 years.

Aim

To highlight the role of S. glomerata industry in safeguarding Australia’s estuaries.

Method

Literature review.

Key results

S. glomerata, more than any other species, has served to highlight emerging threats to estuaries, ranging from viral and bacterial contamination to chemical pollution, and climate change. Their use as biomonitors and in bioassays for pollutants (metals, PAHs, PFAS and pesticides) has been instrumental in identifying and quantifying potential threats. The oyster industry provides one of NSW’s largest and longest-running monitoring programs for estuarine environmental conditions. Currently, S. glomerata is at the forefront of remediation efforts, leading legislative change in environmental protection, and using ecoengineering, reef restoration and selective breeding programs to bolster oyster resilience.

Conclusions

Even though the community has long recognised the intrinsic link between oyster health and estuarine well-being and works with industry to advocate for estuarine ecosystem conservation and the species present, the contribution the industry makes is underestimated.

Implications

Amid debate over aquaculture expansion, greater consideration of the positives arising from culture activities is warranted.

Keywords: aquaculture, bioassay, climate change, estuarine health, monitoring, oyster, pollution, Saccostrea glomerata.

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