This study evaluates the trend of long annual precipitation series in Argentina and compares the Mann–Kendall (MK) test and innovative trends analysis (ITA) method. The graphical method (ITA) has several advantages over the traditional method (MK), detecting both monotonic and non-monotonic trends, and detecting trends more sensitively by looking for smaller variations, unlike MK, which analyses series more generally. Although the MK and ITA results showed similar trend directions, with the latter methodology, the number of significant trends were greater.

Drylands are vulnerable to climate variability. This study reveals that dryland changes in Argentina are associated with variations in South Atlantic sea surface temperatures, finding that the expansion of drylands in the central region of the country, driven by increased aridity, is linked to a warming of the tropical Atlantic and cooling in the south-western Atlantic. These findings are crucial for the country, as drylands cover more than half of the territory and the economy depends on agricultural productivity.

Reduced visibility due to fog significantly disrupts global air traffic, causing cancellations, delays and diversions. Using METAR, GOES-16 satellite images and ERA5 data, this study identified multiple simultaneous mechanisms influencing two fog events that strongly affected Argentine main airports. Understanding the physical mechanisms of fog is essential for better forecasting and mitigation.

The Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) is part of the great global ocean conveyor belt and is directly related to the state of global climate. Energetics analyses in ring-like shaped oceanic features in the DWBC reveal elevated energy conversion within the core area, dominated by the barotropic mean-to-eddy pathway, at an average rate of ~1 J m⁻³ day⁻¹. Calculating energy budgets and conversion rates is essential for quantifying the impact of mesoscale eddies in global circulation.