Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Evidence of site fidelity and deep diving behaviour of scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) around the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, in the equatorial Mid-Atlantic ridge

Natalia P. A. Bezerra A B E , Bruno C. L. Macena B C D , Paulo Travassos B , Pedro Afonso C D and Fábio H. V. Hazin A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

B Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, CEP 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

C Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), University of the Azores, PT-9901-862 Horta, Portugal.

D Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE), University of the Azores, PT-9901-862 Horta, Portugal.

E Corresponding author. Email: natalia_pab@hotmail.com

Marine and Freshwater Research 71(6) 708-718 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF19029
Submitted: 26 January 2019  Accepted: 8 July 2019   Published: 11 October 2019

Abstract

Seven scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) were satellite tagged around the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), located at the equatorial Mid-Atlantic ridge, to investigate their vertical and horizontal movements. All sharks remained in the surroundings of the SPSPA over the course of the 120-day monitoring period, suggesting a high degree of medium-term site fidelity. During this period, scalloped hammerhead sharks covered a wide extension of the water column, ranging from the mixed layer to the mesopelagic zone. All sharks remained in warm (>22°C) shallow layers most of the time, but also dove to depths greater than 150 m, mostly at night, eventually reaching 728 m (5.6°C) on two occasions. This study contributes important, novel information on the habitat use and movement patterns of scalloped hammerhead shark in Atlantic equatorial oceanic waters. It also highlights the potential of protecting key, large oceanic areas as a useful tool for the conservation of this endangered species.

Additional keywords: oceanic essential habitat, residency, satellite telemetry, swimming speed.


References

Abascal, F., Quintans, M., Ramos-Cartelle, A., and Mejuto, J. (2011). Movements and environmental preferences of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 158, 1175–1184.
Movements and environmental preferences of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the southeastern Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Afonso, A. S., and Hazin, F. H. V. (2015). Vertical movement patterns and ontogenetic niche expansion in the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier. PLoS One 10, e0116720.
Vertical movement patterns and ontogenetic niche expansion in the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25629732PubMed |

Barreto, R., Ferretti, F., Flemming, J. M., Amorim, A., Andrade, H., Worm, B., and Lessa, R. (2015). Trends in the exploitation of South Atlantic shark populations. Conservation Biology 0, 1–13.
Trends in the exploitation of South Atlantic shark populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bass, N., Mourier, J., Day, J., Knott, N., Guttridge, T., and Brown, C. (2017). Long-term migration patterns and bisexual philopatry in a benthic shark species. Marine and Freshwater Research 68, 1414–1421.
Long-term migration patterns and bisexual philopatry in a benthic shark species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baum, J. K., and Blanchard, W. (2010). Inferring shark population trends from generalized linear mixed models of pelagic longline catch and effort data. Fisheries Research 102, 229–239.
Inferring shark population trends from generalized linear mixed models of pelagic longline catch and effort data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Baum, J., Clarke, S., Domingo, A., Ducrocq, M., Lamónaca, A. F., Gaibor, N., Graham, R., Jorgensen, S., Kotas, J. E., Medina, E., Martinez-Ortiz, J., Monzini Taccone di Sitizano, J., Morales, M. R., Navarro, S. S., Pérez-Jiménez, J. C., Ruiz, C., Smith, W., Valenti, S. V., and Vooren, C. M. (2009). Scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini. In ‘The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’, 2009. e.T39385A10190088. (International Union for Conservation of Nature.) Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39385/10190088 [Verified 15 August 2019].

Bessudo, S., Soler, G. A., Klimley, A. P., Ketchum, J., Arauz, R., Hearn, A., Guzmán, A., and Calmettes, B. (2011). Vertical and horizontal movements of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) around Malpelo and Cocos islands (Tropical Eastern Pacific) using satellite telemetry. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas Y Costeras – INVEMAR 40, 91–106.

Bessudo, S., Soler, G. A., Klimley, A. P., Ketchum, J., Hearn, A., and Arauz, R. (2011). Residency of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini at Malpelo Island and evidence of migration to other islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Environmental Biology of Fishes 91, 165–176.
Residency of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini at Malpelo Island and evidence of migration to other islands in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bezerra, N. P. A. (2017). Biologia pesqueira dos tubarões martelo (Sphyrna spp.) no oceano Atlântico sudoeste e equatorial. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.

Bezerra, N. P. A., Travassos, P., and Hazin, F. (2016). Vulnerability to longline fishery of three hammerhead sharks species in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology 89, 1419–1433.
Vulnerability to longline fishery of three hammerhead sharks species in the southwestern and equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bezerra, N. P. A., Macena, B. C. L., Mendonça, A. S., Bonfil, R., and Hazin, F. (2017). First record of the smooth hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena) in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago: range extension for the equatorial region. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 45, 481–484.
First record of the smooth hammerhead shark (Sphyrna zygaena) in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago: range extension for the equatorial region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bonfil, R., Meÿer, M., Scholl, M. C., Johnson, R., and O’Brien, S. (2005). Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics and population linkages of white sharks. Science 310, 100–103.
Transoceanic migration, spatial dynamics and population linkages of white sharks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16210537PubMed |

Bonfil, R., Francis, M. P., Duffy, C., Manning, M. J., and O’brien, S. (2010). Large-scale tropical movements and diving behavior of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged off New Zealand. Aquatic Biology 8, 115–123.
Large-scale tropical movements and diving behavior of white sharks Carcharodon carcharias tagged off New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bornatowski, H., Braga, R. R., Abilhoa, V., and Corrêa, M. F. M. (2014). Feeding ecology and trophic comparisons of six shark species in a coastal ecosystem off Southern Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology 85, 246–263.
Feeding ecology and trophic comparisons of six shark species in a coastal ecosystem off Southern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24919949PubMed |

Campana, S. E., Dorey, A., Fowler, M., Joyce, W., Wang, Z., Wright, D., and Yashayaev, I. (2011). Migration pathways, behavioural thermoregulation and overwintering grounds of blue sharks in the northwest Atlantic. PLoS One 6, e16854.
Migration pathways, behavioural thermoregulation and overwintering grounds of blue sharks in the northwest Atlantic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21373198PubMed |

Campana, S. E., Joyce, W., Fowler, M., and Showell, M. (2016). Discards, hooking, and postrelease mortality of porbeagle (Lamna nasus), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), and blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery. ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, 520–528.
Discards, hooking, and postrelease mortality of porbeagle (Lamna nasus), shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), and blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Carey, F. G., and Scharold, J. V. (1990). Movements of blue sharks Prionace glauca in depth and course. Marine Biology 106, 329–342.
Movements of blue sharks Prionace glauca in depth and course.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cartamil, D., Wegner, N. C., Aalbers, S. A., Sepulveda, C. A., Baquero, A., and Graham, J. B. (2010). Diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the Southern California Bight. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 596–604.
Diel movement patterns and habitat preferences of the common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) in the Southern California Bight.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cartamil, D., Sepulveda, C. A., Wegner, N. C., Aalbers, S. A., Baquero, A., and Graham, J. B. (2011). Archival tagging of subadult and adult common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) off the coast of southern California. Marine Biology 158, 935–944.
Archival tagging of subadult and adult common thresher sharks (Alopias vulpinus) off the coast of southern California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24391264PubMed |

Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). ‘FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Part 1 – Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes.’ (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy.)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (2013). Consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices I and II. In ‘Sixteenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties’, 3–14 March 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. CoP16 Prop. 43. Available at https://www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/16/prop/E-CoP16-Prop-43.pdf [Verified 15 November 2018].

Cortés, E. (1999). Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks. ICES Journal of Marine Science 56, 707–717.
Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of sharks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dagorn, L., Josse, E., and Bach, P. (2000). Individual differences in horizontal movements of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in nearshore areas in French Polynesia, determined using ultrasonic telemetry. Aquatic Living Resources 13, 193–202.
Individual differences in horizontal movements of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in nearshore areas in French Polynesia, determined using ultrasonic telemetry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dos Santos, A. C. L., Coutinho, I. M., Viana, D. L., Rego, M. G., Branco, I. S., Hazin, F. H. V., and Oliveira, P. G. V. (2014). Reproductive biology of dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae), in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil. Scientia Marina 78, 363–369.
Reproductive biology of dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae), in Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dulvy, N. K., Fowler, S. L., Musick, J. A., Cavanagh, R. D., Kyne, P. M., Harrison, L. R., Carlson, J. K., Davidson, L. N., Fordham, S. V., Francis, M. P., Pollock, C. M., Simpfendorfer, C., Burgess, G. H., Carpenter, K. E., Compagno, L. J. V., Ebert, D. A., Gibson, C., Heupel, M. R., Livingstone, S. R., Sanciango, J. C., Stevens, J. D., Valenti, S., and White, W. T. (2014). Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays. eLife 3, e00590.
Extinction risk and conservation of the world’s sharks and rays.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24448405PubMed |

Fréon, P., and Dagorn, L. (2000). Review of fish associative behaviour: toward a generalisation of the meeting point hypothesis. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10, 183–207.
Review of fish associative behaviour: toward a generalisation of the meeting point hypothesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hammerschlag, N., Gallagher, A. J., and Lazarre, D. M. (2011). A review of shark satellite tagging studies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 398, 1–8.
A review of shark satellite tagging studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harrington, J. M., Myers, R., and Rosenberg, A. (2005). Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA. Fish and Fisheries 6, 350–361.
Wasted fishery resources: discarded by-catch in the USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hayes, C. G., Jiao, Y., and Cortes, E. (2009). Stock assessment of scalloped hammerheads in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29, 1406–1417.
Stock assessment of scalloped hammerheads in the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hazin, F. H. V., Pinheiro, P. B., and Broadhurst, M. K. (2000). Further notes on reproduction of the blue shark, Prionace glauca, and a postulated migratory pattern in the South Atlantic Ocean. Ciencia e Cultura 52, 114–120.

Hazin, F. H. V., Afonso, A., Castilho, P., Ferreira, L. C., and Macena, B. C. L. (2013). Regional movements of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, off northeastern Brazil: inferences regarding shark attack hazard. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, 1053–1062.
Regional movements of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, off northeastern Brazil: inferences regarding shark attack hazard.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hearn, A., Ketchum, J., Klimley, A. P., Espinoza, E., and Peñaherrera, C. (2010). Hotspots within hotspots? Hammerhead shark movements around Wolf Island Galapagos Marine Reserve. Marine Biology 157, 1899–1915.
Hotspots within hotspots? Hammerhead shark movements around Wolf Island Galapagos Marine Reserve.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24391250PubMed |

Heithaus, M. R., Vaudo, J. J., Kreicker, S., Layman, C. A., Krützen, M., Burkholder, D. A., Gastrich, K., Bessey, C., Sarabia, R., Cameron, K., Wirsing, A., Thomson, J. A., and Dunphy-Daly, M. M. (2013). Apparent resource partitioning and trophic structure of large-bodied marine predators in a relatively pristine seagrass ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series 481, 225–237.
Apparent resource partitioning and trophic structure of large-bodied marine predators in a relatively pristine seagrass ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hekinian, R. (1982). ‘Petrology of the Ocean Floor.’ (Elsevier Science: New York, NY, USA.)

Hekinian, R., Juteau, T., Gracia, E., Udintsev, G., Sichler, B., Sichel, S. E., and Apprioual, R. (2000). Submersible observations of Equatorial Atlantic Mantle: the St. Paul fracture zone region. Marine Geophysical Researches 21, 529–560.
Submersible observations of Equatorial Atlantic Mantle: the St. Paul fracture zone region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Heupel, M. R., and Hueter, R. E. (2002). Importance of prey density in relation to the movement patterns of juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) within a coastal nursery area. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 543–550.
Importance of prey density in relation to the movement patterns of juvenile blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) within a coastal nursery area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Heupel, M. R., Carlson, J. K., and Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2007). Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337, 287–297.
Shark nursery areas: concepts, definition, characterization and assumptions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hight, B. V., and Lowe, C. G. (2007). Elevated body temperatures of adult female leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, while aggregating in shallow nearshore embayments: evidence for behavioral thermoregulation? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 352, 114–128.
Elevated body temperatures of adult female leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata, while aggregating in shallow nearshore embayments: evidence for behavioral thermoregulation?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hoffmayer, E. R., Franks, J. S., Driggers, W. B., and Howey, P. W. (2013). Diel vertical movements of a scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science 89, 551–557.
Diel vertical movements of a scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Howey-Jordan, L. A., Brooks, E. J., Abercrombie, D. L., Jordan, L. K., Brooks, A., William, S., Gospodarczyk, E., and Chapman, D. D. (2013). Complex movements, philopatry and expanded depth range of a severely threatened pelagic shark, the oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) in the western North Atlantic. PLoS One 8, e56588.
Complex movements, philopatry and expanded depth range of a severely threatened pelagic shark, the oceanic whitetip (Carcharhinus longimanus) in the western North Atlantic.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23437180PubMed |

Hoyos-Padilla, E. M., Ketchum, J. T., Klimley, A. P., and Galván-Magaña, F. (2014). Ontogenetic migration of a female scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini in the Gulf of California. Animal Biotelemetry 2, 17.
Ontogenetic migration of a female scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini in the Gulf of California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (2010). Recommendation by ICCAT on hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) caught in association with fisheries managed by ICCAT. Rec. 10-08. Available at http://www.iccat.es/Documents/Recs/compendiopdf-e/2010-08-e.pdf [23 August 2019].

Irigoien, X., Klevjer, T. A., Røstad, A., Martinez, U., Boyra, G., Acuña, J. L., Bode, A., Echevarria, F., Gonzalez-Gordillo, J. I., Hernandez-Leon, S., Agusti, S., Aksnes, D. L., Duarte, C. M., and Kaartvedt, S. (2014). Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications 5, 3271.
Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24509953PubMed |

Jorgensen, S. J., Klimley, A. P., and Muhlia-Melo, A. F. (2009). Scalloped hammerhead shark Spyrna lewini, utilizes deep-water, hypoxic zone in the Gulf of California. Journal of Fish Biology 74, 1682–1687.
Scalloped hammerhead shark Spyrna lewini, utilizes deep-water, hypoxic zone in the Gulf of California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20735666PubMed |

Jørgensen, C., Peck, M. A., Antognarelli, F., Azzurro, E., Burrows, M. T., Cheung, W. W. L., Cucco, A., Holt, R. E., Huebert, K. B., Marras, S., McKenzie, D., Metcalfe, J., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Sinerchia, M., Steffensen, J. F., Teal, L. R., and Domenici, P. (2012). Conservation physiology of marine fishes: advancing the predictive capacity of models. Biology Letters 8, 900–903.
Conservation physiology of marine fishes: advancing the predictive capacity of models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22859560PubMed |

Ketchum, J. T., Hearn, A., Klimley, A. P., Espinoza, E., Peñaherrera, C., and Largier, J. (2014). Seasonal changes in movements and habitat preferences of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) while refuging near an oceanic island. Marine Biology 161, 755–767.
Seasonal changes in movements and habitat preferences of the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) while refuging near an oceanic island.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ketchum, J. T., Hearn, A., Klimley, A. P., Peñaherrera, C., Espinoza, E., Bessudo, S., Soler, G., and Arauz, R. (2014). Inter-island movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) and seasonal connectivity in a marine protected area of the eastern tropical Pacific. Marine Biology 161, 939–951.
Inter-island movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) and seasonal connectivity in a marine protected area of the eastern tropical Pacific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klimley, A. P. (1987). The determinants of sexual segregation in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini. Environmental Biology of Fishes 18, 27–40.
The determinants of sexual segregation in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klimley, A. P. (1993). Highly directional swimming by scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, and subsurface irradiance, temperature, bathymetry, and geomagnetic field. Marine Biology 117, 1–22.
Highly directional swimming by scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, and subsurface irradiance, temperature, bathymetry, and geomagnetic field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klimley, A. P., and Butler, S. B. (1988). Immigration and emigration of a pelagic fish assemblage to seamounts in the Gulf of California related to water mass movements using satellite imagery. Marine Ecology Progress Series 49, 11–20.
Immigration and emigration of a pelagic fish assemblage to seamounts in the Gulf of California related to water mass movements using satellite imagery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klimley, A. P., and Nelson, D. R. (1981). Schooling of scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, in the Gulf of California. Fishery Bulletin 79, 356–360.

Klimley, A. P., Cabrera-Mancilla, I., and Castillo-Geniz, J. L. (1993). Descripcion de los movimientos horizontales y verticales del tiburon martillo, Sphyrna lewini, del sur de Golf de California, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas 19, 95–115.
Descripcion de los movimientos horizontales y verticales del tiburon martillo, Sphyrna lewini, del sur de Golf de California, Mexico.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Klimley, A. P., Beavers, S. C., Curtis, T. H., and Jorgensen, S. J. (2002). Movements and swimming behavior of three species of sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 63, 117–135.
Movements and swimming behavior of three species of sharks in La Jolla Canyon, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lessa, R. P., Mafalda, P., Advíncula, R., Lucchesi, R., Bezerra, J., Vaske Júnior, T., and Hellebrandt, D. (1999). Distribution and abundance of ichtryoneuston at seamounts and islands off North-Eastern Brazil. Archiv für Fischerei- und Meeresforschung 47, 239–252.

Lubbock, R., and Edwards, A. J. (1981). The fishes of Saint Paul’s Rocks. Journal of Fish Biology 18, 135–157.
The fishes of Saint Paul’s Rocks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mabesoone, J. M., and Coutinho, P. N. (1970). Littoral and shallow marine geology of northern and northeastern Brazil. Trabalhos Oceanográficos da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 12, 1–214.
Littoral and shallow marine geology of northern and northeastern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Macena, B. C. L., and Hazin, F. H. V. (2016). Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) seasonal occurrence, abundance and demographic structure in the mid-equatorial Atlantic Ocean. PLoS One 11, e0164440.
Whale shark (Rhincodon typus) seasonal occurrence, abundance and demographic structure in the mid-equatorial Atlantic Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mendonça, S. A., Macena, B. C. L., Afonso, A. S., and Hazin, F. H. V. (2018). Seasonal aggregation and diel activity by the sicklefin devil ray Mobula tarapacana off a small, equatorial outcrop of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of Fish Biology 93, 1121–1129.
Seasonal aggregation and diel activity by the sicklefin devil ray Mobula tarapacana off a small, equatorial outcrop of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30281159PubMed |

Meyer, C. G., Papastamatiou, Y. P., and Holland, K. N. (2010). A multiple instrument approach to quantifying the movement patterns and habitat use of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis) at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii. Marine Biology 157, 1857–1868.
A multiple instrument approach to quantifying the movement patterns and habitat use of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis) at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Morato, T., Hoyle, S. D., Allain, V., and Nicol, S. (2010). Seamounts are hotspots of pelagic biodiversity in the open ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, 9707–9711.
Seamounts are hotspots of pelagic biodiversity in the open ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20448197PubMed |

Musyl, M. K., Domeier, M. L., Nasby-Lucas, N., Brill, R. W., Mcnaughton, L. M., Swimmer, J. Y., Lutcavage, M. S., Wilson, S. G., Galuardi, B., and Liddle, J. B. (2011). Performance of pop-up satellite archival tags. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433, 1–28.
Performance of pop-up satellite archival tags.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nakamura, I., Watanabe, Y. Y., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Sato, K., and Meyer, C. G. (2011). Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier. Marine Ecology Progress Series 424, 237–246.
Yo-yo vertical movements suggest a foraging strategy for tiger sharks Galeocerdo cuvier.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nakano, H., Matsunaga, H., Okamoto, H., and Okazaki, M. (2003). Acoustic tracking of bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 265, 255–261.
Acoustic tracking of bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus in the eastern Pacific Ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Nosal, A. P., Caillat, A., Kisfaludy, E. K., Royer, M. A., and Wegner, N. C. (2014). Aggregation behavior and seasonal philopatry in male and female leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata along the open coast of southern California, USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 499, 157–175.
Aggregation behavior and seasonal philopatry in male and female leopard sharks Triakis semifasciata along the open coast of southern California, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Queiroz, N., Humphries, N. E., Noble, L. R., Santos, A. M., and Sims, D. W. (2012). Spatial dynamics and expanded vertical niche of blue sharks in oceanographic fronts reveal habitat targets for conservation. PLoS One 7, e32374.
Spatial dynamics and expanded vertical niche of blue sharks in oceanographic fronts reveal habitat targets for conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22393403PubMed |

Queiroz, N., Humphries, N. E., Mucientes, G., Hammerschlag, N., Lima, F. P., Scales, K. L., Miller, P. I., Sousa, L. L., Seabra, R., and Sims, D. W. (2016). Ocean-wide tracking of pelagic sharks reveals extent of overlap with longline fishing hotspots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, 1582–1587.
Ocean-wide tracking of pelagic sharks reveals extent of overlap with longline fishing hotspots.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26811467PubMed |

Ruiz, D. J., Banks, S., and Wolff, M. (2016). Elucidating fishing effects in a large-predator dominated system: the case of Darwin and Wolf Islands (Galápagos). Journal of Sea Research 107, 1–11.
Elucidating fishing effects in a large-predator dominated system: the case of Darwin and Wolf Islands (Galápagos).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Smale, M. J., and Cliff, G. (1998). Cephalopods in the diets of four shark species (Galeocerdo cuvier, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, and S. mokarran) from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Marine Science 20, 241–253.
Cephalopods in the diets of four shark species (Galeocerdo cuvier, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena, and S. mokarran) from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Stevens, J. D., Bonfil, R., Dulvy, N. K., and Walker, P. A. (2000). The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57, 476–494.
The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimaeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Teixeira, I. (2014). Portaria MMA No 445, de 17 de Dezembro de 2014. (Ministério do Meio Ambiente.) Available at http://www.icmbio.gov.br/cepsul/images/stories/legislacao/Portaria/2014/p_mma_445_2014_lista_peixes_amea%C3%A7ados_extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf [Verified 28 August 2019].

Thums, M., Meekan, M., Stevens, J., Wilson, S., and Polovina, J. (2013). Evidence for behavioural thermoregulation by the world’s largest fish. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 10, 20120477.
Evidence for behavioural thermoregulation by the world’s largest fish.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23075547PubMed |

Travassos, P., Hazin, F. H. V., Zagaglia, J., Advíncula, R., and Schober, J. (1999). Thermohaline structure around seamounts and island off north-eastern Brazil. Archiv für Fischerei- und Meeresforschung 47, 211–222.

Vandeperre, F., Aires-da-Silva, A., Fontes, J., Santos, M., Santos, R., and Afonso, P. (2014). Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) across their life history. PLoS One 9, e103538.
Movements of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) across their life history.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25119716PubMed |

Vaske Júnior, T., Vooren, C. M., and Lessa, R. P. (2003). Feeding strategy of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 29, 173–181.

Vaske Júnior, T., Hazin, F. H. V., and Lessa, R. P. (2006). Pesca e hábitos alimentares do peixe-rei, Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Pisces: Carangidae) no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, Brasil. Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 39, 61–65.

Vaske Júnior, T., Vooren, C. M., and Lessa, R. (2009). Feeding strategy of the night shark (Carcharhinus Signatus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) near seamounts off northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, 97–104.
Feeding strategy of the night shark (Carcharhinus Signatus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) near seamounts off northeastern Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Viana, D., Branco, I. S., Fernandes, C. A., Fischer, A., Carvalho, F., Travassos, P., and Hazin, F. H. V. (2013). Reproductive biology of the wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri (Teleostei: Scombridae) in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Brazil. International Journal of Plant and Animal Sciences 1, 49–57.

Weihs, D. (1973). Mechanically efficient swimming techniques for fish with negative buoyancy. Journal of Marine Research 31, 194–209.

White, M., Bashmachnikov, I., Arístegui, J., and Martins, A. (2007). Physical processes and seamount productivity. In ‘Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation’. (Eds T. J. Pitcher, T. Morato, P. Hart, M. Clark, N. Haggan, and R. Santos.) pp. 65–87. (Blackwell Scientific: Oxford, UK.)

Worm, B., Lotze, H. K., and Myers, R. A. (2003). Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 9884–9888.
Predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12907699PubMed |