Register      Login
Wildlife Research Wildlife Research Society
Ecology, management and conservation in natural and modified habitats
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > WR > WR22111
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)
Contents Vol 51(1)

The toad less travelled: comparing life histories, ecological niches, and potential habitat of Asian black-spined toads and cane toads

C. L. Kelly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-149X A B , L. Schwarzkopf B , T. M. Christy C and M. S. Kennedy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4204-7080 A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, 203 Tor Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.

B College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4814, Australia.

C Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.

* Correspondence to: malcolm.kennedy@daf.qld.gov.au

Handling Editor: Adam Stow

Wildlife Research 51, WR22111 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22111
Submitted: 24 June 2022  Accepted: 9 March 2023  Published: 11 April 2023

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Context

Invasive vertebrates have significant negative impacts on biodiversity and agricultural production worldwide. Increased connectivity among countries, through trade and tourism, is escalating the rate of introductions of vertebrate species, particularly herpetofauna, across international borders. In Australia, Asian black-spined toads (ABSTs; Duttaphrynus melanostictus) are one of the species most intercepted at borders. They are considered a biosecurity risk because of the potential for negative environmental impacts, similar to those caused by cane toads (Rhinella marina).

Aims

We aimed to compare ABSTs with cane toads to investigate potential impacts and distribution of ABSTs in the Australian context. We also aimed to identify knowledge gaps regarding ABST biology and the potential role of cane toads in an ABST invasion in Australia.

Methods

We undertook a literature review to obtain published data to compare the life history characteristics of ABSTs and cane toads. We also modelled climatic niche overlap and compared suitable habitat for both species in Australia.

Key results

Our results show ABSTs and cane toads have broadly similar reproductive life histories and feeding niches. In particular, similarities include large clutch sizes, preferred oviposition sites, and diet at tadpole and adult life stages. In Australia, the species share suitable potential habitat, particularly in North Queensland, where the majority of ABST incursions have occurred. The species differ in size, call characteristics, clutch size relative to body size, and egg development rate, although the environment also influences these traits. We identify gaps in our knowledge of ABST spatial ecology, thermal tolerances, water reliance, and habitat.

Conclusions

ABSTs pose a significant biosecurity threat to Australia. Similarities in life history to cane toads means they may have similar impacts, but may have a more limited distribution in Australia. Invasion of Australia by ABSTs would likely result in interactions with cane toads, but it is not possible to accurately determine the outcomes of those interactions without further investigation.

Implications

Addressing knowledge gaps and quantitatively determining the potential for competition between ABSTs and cane toads will assist surveillance and response planning for ABST incursions in Australia.

Keywords: Asian black-spined toad, cane toad, competition, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, incursion, invasion, life history, niche overlap, species distribution modelling.

References

Acevedo AA, Lampo M, Cipriani R (2016) The cane or marine toad, Rhinella marina (Anura, Bufonidae): two genetically and morphologically distinct species. Zootaxa 4103, 574-586.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Alexander G (1933) Secondary sexual characters of Bufo melanostictus Schneider. Copeia 1933, 204-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Alford RA, Cohen MP, Crossland MR, Hearnden MN, Schwarzkopf L (1995) Population biology of Bufo marinus in northern Australia. In ‘Wetland Research in the Wet–Dry Tropics of Australia.’ Supervising Scientist Report. (Ed. M Finlayson) pp. 173–181. (Office of the Supervising Scientist: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Algiriyage DPH, Jayaweera H, Wijesinghe MR (2020) Inter-population variation in thermal sensitivity of the tropical toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus, across a small spatial scale in Sri Lanka. Journal of Thermal Biology 89, 102568.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Allen-Ankins S, Schwarzkopf L (2022) Using citizen science to test for acoustic niche partitioning in frogs. Scientific Reports 12, 1-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Andersen D, Borzée A, Jang Y (2021) Predicting global climatic suitability for the four most invasive anuran species using ecological niche factor analysis. Global Ecology and Conservation 25, e01433.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Asrafuzzaman S, Mahapatra S, Rout J, Sahoo G (2018) Dietary assessment of five species of anuran tadpoles from northern Odisha, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, 12382-12388.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bartlett PP, Griswold B, Bartlett RD (2001) ‘Reptiles, Amphibians, and Invertebrates: an Identification and Care Guide.’ (Barron’s Education: Hauppauge, NY, USA)

Bayliss P (1995) The ecology of post-metamorphic Bufo marinus in central Amazonian savanna, Brazil. PhD thesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.

Beckmann C, Shine R (2012) How many of Australia’s ground-nesting birds are likely to be at risk from the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina)? Emu – Austral Ornithology 112, 83-89.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Berry P, Bullock J (1962) The food of the common malayan toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneider. Copeia 1962, 736-741.
| Google Scholar |

Bleach IT, Beckmann C, Both C, Brown GP, Shine R (2015) Noisy neighbours at the frog pond: effects of invasive cane toads on the calling behaviour of native Australian frogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 69, 675-683.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Boland CRJ (2004) Introduced cane toads Bufo marinus are active nest predators and competitors of rainbow bee-eaters Merops ornatus: observational and experimental evidence. Biological Conservation 120, 53-62.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bomford M (2006) Risk assessment for the establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia: recalibration and refinement of models. pp. 1–130. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Bowcock H, Brown GP, Shine R (2008) Sexual communication in cane toads, Chaunus marinus: what cues influence the duration of amplexus? Animal Behaviour 75, 1571-1579.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bowcock H, Brown GP, Shine R (2009) Beastly bondage: the costs of amplexus in cane toads (Bufo marinus). Copeia 2009, 29-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Brodie S, Yasumiba K, Towsey M, Roe P, Schwarzkopf L (2021) Acoustic monitoring reveals year-round calling by invasive toads in tropical Australia. Bioacoustics 30, 125-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Broennimann O, Fitzpatrick MC, Pearman PB, Petitpierre B, Pellissier L, Yoccoz NG, Thuiller W, Fortin M-J, Randin C, Zimmermann NE, Graham CH, Guisan A (2012) Measuring ecological niche overlap from occurrence and spatial environmental data. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21, 481-497.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Broennimann O, Di Cola V, Guisan A (2021) Ecospat: spatial ecology miscellaneous methods. (R package version 3.2). Available at https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ecospat.

Brown GP, Phillips BL, Shine R (2011) The ecological impact of invasive cane toads on tropical snakes: field data do not support laboratory-based predictions. Ecology 92, 422-431.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Brusch GA, Christian K, Brown GP, Shine R, DeNardo DF (2019) Cane toads (Rhinella marina) rely on water access, not drought tolerance, to invade xeric Australian environments. Oecologia 189, 307-316.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Bøhn T, Amundsen P-A, Sparrow A (2008) Competitive exclusion after invasion? Biological Invasions 10, 359-368.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Byers JE, Reichard S, Randall JM, Parker IM, Smith CS, Lonsdale WM, Atkinson IAE, Seastedt TR, Williamson M, Chornesky E (2002) Directing research to reduce the impacts of nonindigenous species. Conservation Biology 16, 630-640.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Cabrera-Guzmán E, Crossland M, Shine R (2011) Can we use the tadpoles of Australian frogs to reduce recruitment of invasive cane toads? Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 462-470.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Catford JA, Jansson R, Nilsson C (2009) Reducing redundancy in invasion ecology by integrating hypotheses into a single theoretical framework. Diversity and Distributions 15, 22-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Child T, Phillips BL, Shine R (2008a) Abiotic and biotic influences on the dispersal behavior of metamorph cane toads (Bufo marinus) in tropical Australia. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 309, 215-224.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Child T, Phillips BL, Brown GP, Shine R (2008b) The spatial ecology of cane toads (Bufo marinus) in tropical Australia: why do metamorph toads stay near the water? Austral Ecology 33, 630-640.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Christy MT (2020) National incursion response plan for Asian black-spined toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Christy MT, Savidge JA, Rodda GH (2007) Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island. Diversity and Distributions 13, 598-607.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Church G (1960) The invasion of Bali by Bufo melanostictus. Herpetologica 16, 15-21.
| Google Scholar |

Cogger H (2014) ‘Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Crossland MR (1998) A comparison of cane toad and native tadpoles as predators of native anuran eggs, hatchlings and larvae. Wildlife Research 25, 373-381.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Crossland MR, Alford RA, Shine R (2009) Impact of the invasive cane toad (Bufo marinus) on an Australian frog (Opisthodon ornatus) depends on minor variation in reproductive timing. Oecologia 158, 625-632.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Csurhes S (2016) Pest risk assessment: Asian spined toad (Bufo melanostictus). The State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.

Daniels RR (2005) ‘A Lifescape: Amphibians of Peninsular India.’ (Universities Press: Hyderabad, India)

Deb C, Chatterjee S, Boral MC (1974) Body fluid and hematological changes in toads following heat exposure. American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content 226, 408-410.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Di Cola V, Broennimann O, Petitpierre B, Breiner FT, d’Amen M, Randin C, Engler R, Pottier J, Pio D, Dubuis A, Pellissier L, Mateo RG, Hordijk W, Salamin N, Guisan A (2017) ecospat: an R package to support spatial analyses and modeling of species niches and distributions. Ecography 40, 774-787.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dick JTA, Gallagher K, Avlijas S, Clarke HC, Lewis SE, Leung S, Minchin D, Caffrey J, Alexander ME, Maguire C, Harrod C, Reid N, Haddaway NR, Farnsworth KD, Penk M, Ricciardi A (2013) Ecological impacts of an invasive predator explained and predicted by comparative functional responses. Biological Invasions 15, 837-846.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dick JTA, Alexander ME, Jeschke JM, Ricciardi A, MacIsaac HJ, Robinson TB, Kumschick S, Weyl OLF, Dunn AM, Hatcher MJ, Paterson RA, Farnsworth KD, Richardson DM (2014) Advancing impact prediction and hypothesis testing in invasion ecology using a comparative functional response approach. Biological Invasions 16, 735-753.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dickey JWE, Cuthbert RN, South J, Britton JR, Caffrey J, Chang X, Crane K, Coughlan NE, Fadaei E, Farnsworth KD, Ismar-Rebitz SMH, Joyce PWS, Julius M, Laverty C, Lucy FE, MacIsaac HJ, McCard M, McGlade CLO, Reid N, Ricciardi A, Wasserman RJ, Weyl OLF, Dick JTA (2020) On the rip: using relative impact potential to assess the ecological impacts of invasive alien species. NeoBiota 55, 27-60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Dominguez Almela V, South J, Britton JR (2021) Predicting the competitive interactions and trophic niche consequences of a globally invasive fish with threatened native species. Journal of Animal Ecology 90, 2651-2662.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Doody JS, Green B, Rhind D, Castellano CM, Sims R, Robinson T (2009) Population-level declines in Australian predators caused by an invasive species. Animal Conservation 12, 46-53.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Doody JS, Soanes R, Castellano CM, Rhind D, Green B, McHenry CR, Clulow S (2015) Invasive toads shift predator–prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators. Ecology 96, 2544-2554.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Döring B, Mecke S, Kieckbusch M, O’Shea M, Kaiser H (2017) Food spectrum analysis of the Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Timor Island, Wallacea. Journal of Natural History 51, 607-623.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Easteal S (1981) The history of introductions of Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Anura); a natural experiment in evolution. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 16, 93-113.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudik M, Chee YE, Yates CJ (2011) A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions 17, 43-57.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Fan X-L, Lin Z-H, Ji X (2013) Male size does not correlate with fertilization success in two bufonid toads that show size-assortative mating. Current Zoology 59, 740-746.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Forsyth DM, Duncan RP, Bomford M, Moore G (2004) Climatic suitability, life-history traits, introduction effort, and the establishment and spread of introduced mammals in Australia. Conservation Biology 18, 557-569.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freeland WJ (1986) Populations of cane toad, Bufo marinus, in relation to time since colonization. Wildlife Research 13, 321-329.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Freeland WJ, Kerin SH (1988) Within-habitat relationships between invading Bufo marinus and Australian species of frog during the tropical dry season. Wildlife Research 15, 293-305.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Froggatt WW (1936) The introduction of the great mexican toad Bufo marinus into Australia. Australian Naturalist 9, 163-164.
| Google Scholar |

García-Díaz P, Cassey P (2014) Patterns of transport and introduction of exotic amphibians in Australia. Diversity and Distributions 20, 455-466.
| Google Scholar |

Gong W, Sinden J, Braysher M, Jones R, Wales N (2009) ‘The Economic Impacts of Vertebrate Pests in Australia.’ (Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Greenlees MJ, Brown GP, Webb JK, Phillips BL, Shine R (2006) Effects of an invasive anuran [the cane toad (Bufo marinus)] on the invertebrate fauna of a tropical Australian floodplain. Animal Conservation 9, 431-438.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Gregg EA, Tingley R, Phillips BL (2019) The on-ground feasibility of a waterless barrier to stop the spread of invasive cane toads in western Australia. Conservation Science and Practice 1, e74.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hayes RA, Crossland MR, Hagman M, Capon RJ, Shine R (2009) Ontogenetic variation in the chemical defenses of cane toads (Bufo marinus): toxin profiles and effects on predators. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35, 391-399.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hearnden MN (1991) The reproductive and larval ecology of Bufo marinus (Anura: Bufonidae). PhD thesis, James Cook University of Northern Queensland, Townsville, Queensland, Qld, Australia.

Henderson W, Bomford M (2011) ‘Detecting and Preventing New Incursions of Exotic Animals in Australia.’ (Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre Canberra: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Hoffmann BD, Broadhurst LM (2016) The economic cost of managing invasive species in Australia. NeoBiota 31, 1-18.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hu W, Bulusu N, Chou CT, Jha S, Taylor A, Tran VN (2009) Design and evaluation of a hybrid sensor network for cane toad monitoring. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN) 5, 1-28.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hudson CM, Phillips BL, Brown GP, Shine R (2015) Virgins in the vanguard: low reproductive frequency in invasion-front cane toads. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116, 743-747.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Hui CY (2015) Diet of five common anurans found in disturbed areas in northern peninsular Malaysia. MSc thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.

Hulme PE (2015) Invasion pathways at a crossroad: policy and research challenges for managing alien species introductions. Journal of Applied Ecology 1418-1424.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Iskander D (2004) Ingerophrynus biporcatus. IUCN red list of threatened species. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54588/11156606

Jamdar S, Shinde K (2013) Gut content analysis of common Indian toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) Frost et al., 2006 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Aurangabad (Maharashtra) India. Indian Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 1, 23-26.
| Google Scholar |

Jayawardena UA, Rohr JR, Amerasinghe PH, Navaratne AN, Rajakaruna RS (2017) Effects of agrochemicals on disease severity of Acanthostomum burminis infections (Digenea: Trematoda) in the Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus. BMC Zoology 2, 13.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jolly CJ, Shine R, Greenlees MJ (2016) The impacts of a toxic invasive prey species (the cane toad, Rhinella marina) on a vulnerable predator (the lace monitor, Varanus varius). Biological Invasions 18, 1499-1509.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Jørgensen CB (1991) ‘Water Economy in the Life of a Terrestrial Anuran, the Toad Bufo bufo.’ (Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters: Copenhagen, Denmark)

Jørgensen CB, Shakuntala K, Vijayakumar S (1986) Body size, reproduction and growth in a tropical toad, Bufo melanostictus, with a comparison of ovarian cycles in tropical and temperate zone anurans. Oikos 46, 379-389.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Karraker NE, Dudgeon D (2014) Invasive apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) are predators of amphibians in south China. Biological Invasions 16, 1785-1789.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kearney M, Phillips BL, Tracy CR, Christian KA, Betts G, Porter WP (2008) Modelling species distributions without using species distributions: the cane toad in Australia under current and future climates. Ecography 31, 423-434.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kearney SG, Carwardine J, Reside AE, Fisher DO, Maron M, Doherty TS, Legge S, Silcock J, Woinarski JCZ, Garnett ST, Wintle BA, Watson JEM (2019) The threats to Australia’s imperilled species and implications for a national conservation response. Pacific Conservation Biology 25, 328.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kelehear C, Shine R (2020) Tradeoffs between dispersal and reproduction at an invasion front of cane toads in tropical Australia. Scientific Reports 10, 486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kidera N, Tandavanitj N, Oh D, Nakanishi N, Satoh A, Denda T, Izawa M, Ota H (2008) Dietary habits of the introduced cane toad Bufo marinus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) on Ishigakijima, southern Ryukyus, Japan. Pacific Science 62, 423-430.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Kosmala GK, Brown GP, Shine R, Christian K (2020) Skin resistance to water gain and loss has changed in cane toads (Rhinella marina) during their Australian invasion. Ecology and Evolution 10, 13071-13079.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Krakauer T (1970) Tolerance limits of the toad, Bufo marinus, in south Florida. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 33, 15-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lampo M, de Leo GA (1998) The invasion ecology of the toad Bufo marinus: from South America to Australia. Ecological Applications 8, 388-396.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lampo M, Medialdea V (1996) Energy allocation patterns in Bufo marinus from two habitats in Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, 321-331.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Laverty C, Green KD, Dick JTA, Barrios-O’Neill D, Mensink PJ, Médoc V, Spataro T, Caffrey JM, Lucy FE, Boets P, Britton JR, Pegg J, Gallagher C (2017) Assessing the ecological impacts of invasive species based on their functional responses and abundances. Biological Invasions 19, 1653-1665.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Letnic M, Webb JK, Shine R (2008) Invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) cause mass mortality of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) in tropical Australia. Biological Conservation 141, 1773-1782.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lever C (2001) ‘The Cane Toad: the History and Ecology of a Successful Colonist.’ (Westbury Academic and Scientific Publishing: Otley, West Yorkshire, UK)

Licata F, Ficetola GF, Freeman K, Mahasoa RH, Ravololonarivo V, Solofo Niaina Fidy JF, Koto-Jean AB, Nahavitatsara ER, Andreone F, Crottini A (2019) Abundance, distribution and spread of the invasive Asian toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus in eastern Madagascar. Biological Invasions 21, 1615-1626.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Licata F, Andreone F, Crottini A, Harison RF, Ficetola GF (2021) Does spatial sorting occur in the invasive Asian toad in Madagascar? Insights into the invasion unveiled by morphological analyses. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 59, 2161-2169.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Lockwood JL, Welbourne DJ, Romagosa CM, Cassey P, Mandrak NE, Strecker A, Leung B, Stringham OC, Udell B, Episcopio-Sturgeon DJ, Tlusty MF, Sinclair J, Springborn MR, Pienaar EF, Rhyne AL, Keller R (2019) When pets become pests: the role of the exotic pet trade in producing invasive vertebrate animals. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17, 323-330.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mahapatra S, Dutta SK, Sahoo G (2017) Opportunistic predatory behaviour in Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799) tadpoles. Current Science 112, 1755-1759.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Marshall BM (2018) Investigating the potential susceptibility of selected Malagasy species to the toxins produced by Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Asian common toad). MSc thesis, Bangor University, UK.

Marshall BM, Casewell NR, Vences M, Glaw F, Andreone F, Rakotoarison A, Zancolli G, Woog F, Wüster W (2018) Widespread vulnerability of Malagasy predators to the toxins of an introduced toad. Current Biology 28, R654-R655.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Martin PR, Ghalambor CK (2014) When David beats Goliath: the advantage of large size in interspecific aggressive contests declines over evolutionary time. PLoS ONE 9, e108741.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McCann S, Greenlees MJ, Newell D, Shine R (2014) Rapid acclimation to cold allows the cane toad to invade montane areas within its Australian range. Functional Ecology 28, 1166-1174.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

McClelland P, Reardon JT, Kraus F, Raxworthy CJ, Randrianantoandro C (2015) Asian toad eradication feasibility report for Madagascar. p. 7. (Department of Conservation: Te Anau, New Zealand)

Mittan CS, Zamudio KR (2019) Rapid adaptation to cold in the invasive cane toad Rhinella marina. Conservation Physiology 7, coy075.
| Google Scholar |

Mo M (2017) Asian black-spined toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) in Australia: an invasion worth avoiding. Reptiles & Amphibians 24, 155-161.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mogali S, Saidapur S, Shanbhag B (2017) Influence of desiccation threat on the metamorphic traits of the Asian common toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Anura). Acta Herpetologica 12, 175-180.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Muller BJ (2018) An examination of cane toad (Rhinella marina) behaviour: how can we use this knowledge to refine trapping regimes? PhD thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.

Muller BJ, Pike DA, Schwarzkopf L (2016) Defining the active space of cane toad (Rhinella marina) advertisement calls: males respond from further than females. Behaviour 153, 1951-1969.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Mungomery R, Buzacott J (1936) A preliminary study in trapping “greyback” cane beetles. In ‘Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. Fifth Congress, Brisbane, 27 August–3 September 1935’. pp. 464–469. (Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists: Mackay, Qld, Australia)

Narayan E, Christi K, Morley C, Trevenen P (2008) Sexual dimorphism in the cane toad Bufo marinus: a quantitative comparison of visual inspection methods for sexing individuals. The Herpetological Journal 18, 63-65.
| Google Scholar |

Negussie A, Achten WMJ, Norgrove L, Hermy M, Muys B (2013) Invasiveness risk of biofuel crops using Jatropha curcas L. as a model species. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 7, 485-498.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Ngo BV, Ngo CD (2013) Reproductive activity and advertisement calls of the Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Zoological Studies 52, 12.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Norval G, Huang S-C, Mao J-J, Goldberg SR, Yang Y-J (2014) Notes on the diets of five amphibian species from southwestern Taiwan. Alytes 30, 69.
| Google Scholar |

Othman SN, Chen Y-H, Chuang M-F, Andersen D, Jang Y, Borzée A (2020) Impact of the mid-pleistocene revolution and anthropogenic factors on the dispersion of Asian black-spined toads (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Animals 10, 1157.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

O’Shea M, Kathriner A, Mecke S, Sanchez C, Kaiser H (2013) ‘Fantastic voyage’: a live blindsnake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) journeys through the gastrointestinal system of a toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus). Herpetology Notes 6, 467-470.
| Google Scholar |

Page A, Kirkpatrick W, Massam M (2008) Black-spined toad (Bufo melanostictus) risk assessments for Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia.

Pearson RG (2015) Asian common toads in Madagascar: an urgent effort to inform surveys and eradication efforts. Global Change Biology 21, 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Phillips BL, Brown GP, Shine R (2003) Assessing the potential impact of cane toads on Australian snakes. Conservation Biology 17, 1738-1747.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Phillips BL, Brown GP, Webb JK, Shine R (2006) Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads. Nature 439, 803.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Phillips BL, Brown GP, Greenlees M, Webb JK, Shine R (2007) Rapid expansion of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) invasion front in tropical Australia. Austral Ecology 32, 169-176.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Phillips BL, Brown GP, Shine R (2010) Evolutionarily accelerated invasions: the rate of dispersal evolves upwards during the range advance of cane toads. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 23, 2595-2601.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pikacha P, Lavery T, Leung LK-P (2015) What factors affect the density of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in the Solomon Islands? Pacific Conservation Biology 21, 200-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pizzatto L, Shine R (2008) The behavioral ecology of cannibalism in cane toads (Bufo marinus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63, 123-133.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Pizzatto L, Kelehear C, Dubey S, Barton D, Shine R (2012) Host–parasite relationships during a biologic invasion: 75 years postinvasion, cane toads and sympatric Australian frogs retain separate lungworm faunas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 48, 951-961.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Price-Rees SJ, Brown GP, Shine R (2010) Predation on toxic cane toads (Bufo marinus) may imperil bluetongue lizards (Tiliqua scincoides intermedia, Scincidae) in tropical Australia. Wildlife Research 37, 166-173.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Reardon JT, Kraus F, Moore M, Rabenantenaina L, Rabinivo A, Rakotoarisoa NH, Randrianasolo HH (2018) Testing tools for eradicating the invasive toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Madagascar. Conservation Evidence 15, 12-19.
| Google Scholar |

Reilly SB, Wogan GOU, Stubbs AL, Arida E, Iskandar DT, McGuire JA (2017) Toxic toad invasion of Wallacea: a biodiversity hotspot characterized by extraordinary endemism. Global Change Biology 23, 5029-5031.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Roberts PD, Diaz-Soltero H, Hemming DJ, Parr MJ, Wakefield NH, Wright HJ (2013) What is the evidence that invasive species are a significant contributor to the decline or loss of threatened species? A systematic review map. Environmental Evidence 2, 5-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Rollins LA, Richardson MF, Shine R (2015) A genetic perspective on rapid evolution in cane toads (Rhinella marina). Molecular Ecology 24, 2264-2276.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Saidapur SK, Girish S (2001) Growth and metamorphosis of Bufo melanostictus tadpoles: effects of kinship and density. Journal of Herpetology 249-254.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sales LP, Reboucas R, Toledo LF (2021) Native range climate is insufficient to predict anuran invasive potential. Biological Invasions 23, 2635-2647.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Saunders G, Cooke B, McColl K, Shine R, Peacock T (2010) Modern approaches for the biological control of vertebrate pests: an Australian perspective. Biological Control 52, 288-295.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Schwarzkopf L, Alford RA (2002) Nomadic movement in tropical toads. Oikos 96, 492-506.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Semeniuk M, Lemckert F, Shine R (2007) Breeding-site selection by cane toads (Bufo marinus) and native frogs in northern new south wales, Australia. Wildlife Research 34, 59-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shine R (2010) The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia. The Quarterly Review of Biology 85, 253-291.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shine R, Everitt C, Woods D, Pearson DJ (2018) An evaluation of methods used to cull invasive cane toads in tropical Australia. Journal of Pest Science 91, 1081-1091.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Shulman MJ, Ogden JC, Ebersole JP, McFarland WN, Miller SL, Wolf NG (1983) Priority effects in the recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes. Ecology 64, 1508-1513.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simberloff D, Martin J-L, Genovesi P, Maris V, Wardle DA, Aronson J, Courchamp F, Galil B, García-Berthou E, Pascal M, Pyšek P, Sousa R, Tabacchi E, Vilà M (2013) Impacts of biological invasions: what’s what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28, 58-66.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Simha A, Pardo-De la Hoz CJ, Carley L (2022) Moving beyond the “diversity paradox”: the limitations of competition-based frameworks in understanding species diversity. The American Naturalist 200, 89-100.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Sinha B, Chakravorty P, Borah MM, Bordoloi S (2001) Qualitative analysis of food spectrum of five species of anuran tadpoles from arunachal pradesh, India. Zoos’ Print Journal 16, 514-515.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Slade RW, Moritz C (1998) Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 265, 769-777.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Solís F, Ibáñez R, Hammerson G, Hedges B, Diesmos A, Matsui M (2009) Rhinella marina. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41065/10382424

Southwell D, Tingley R, Bode M, Nicholson E, Phillips BL (2017) Cost and feasibility of a barrier to halt the spread of invasive cane toads in arid Australia: incorporating expert knowledge into model-based decision-making. Journal of Applied Ecology 54, 216-224.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tan J, Pu Z, Ryberg WA, Jiang L (2012) Species phylogenetic relatedness, priority effects, and ecosystem functioning. Ecology 93, 1164-1172.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Taylor A, McCallum HI, Watson G, Grigg GC (2017) Impact of cane toads on a community of Australian native frogs, determined by 10 years of automated identification and logging of calling behaviour. Journal of Applied Ecology 54, 2000-2010.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Thuiller W, Lavorel S, Araújo MB (2005) Niche properties and geographical extent as predictors of species sensitivity to climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14, 347-357.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tingley R, Romagosa CM, Kraus F, Bickford D, Phillips BL, Shine R (2010) The frog filter: amphibian introduction bias driven by taxonomy, body size and biogeography. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19, 496-503.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tingley R, Phillips BL, Letnic M, Brown GP, Shine R, Baird SJE (2013) Identifying optimal barriers to halt the invasion of cane toads Rhinella marina in arid Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 50, 129-137.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tingley R, Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Kearney MR (2014) Realized niche shift during a global biological invasion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 10233-10238.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tingley R, Ward-Fear G, Schwarzkopf L, Greenlees MJ, Phillips BL, Brown G, Clulow S, Webb J, Capon R, Sheppard A, Strive T, Tizard M, Shine R (2017) New weapons in the toad toolkit: a review of methods to control and mitigate the biodiversity impacts of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina). The Quarterly Review of Biology 92, 123-149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Tingley R, García-Díaz P, Arantes CRR, Cassey P (2018) Integrating transport pressure data and species distribution models to estimate invasion risk for alien stowaways. Ecography 41, 635-646.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Toomes A, García-Díaz P, Wittmann TA, Virtue J, Cassey P (2020) New aliens in Australia: 18 years of vertebrate interceptions. Wildlife Research 47, 55-67.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Trainor CR (2009) Survey of a population of black-spined toad Bufo melanostictus in timor-leste: confirming identity, distribution, abundance and impacts of an invasive and toxic toad. Charles Darwin University to AusAID.

Tyler MJ (1989) ‘Australian Frogs’. (Viking O’Neil: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Urban MC, Phillips BL, Skelly DK, Shine R (2007) The cane toad’s (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) increasing ability to invade Australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, 1413-1419.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

van Dijk PP, Iskandar D, Lau MWN, Huiqing G, Baorong G, Kuangyang L, Wenhao C, Zhigang Y, Chan B, Dutta S (2004) Duttaphrynus melanostictus IUCN red list of threatened species. Available at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54707/86445591

van Winkel D, Lane J (2012) The invasive cane toad (Bufo marinus) in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea: observations and potential impacts on native wildlife. Biological Invasions 14, 1985-1990.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Vences M, Brown JL, Lathrop A, Rosa GM, Cameron A, Crottini A, Dolch R, Edmonds D, Freeman KLM, Glaw F, Grismer LL, Litvinchuk S, Milne MG, Moore M, Solofo JF, Noël J, Nguyen TQ, Ohler A, Randrianantoandro C, Raselimanana AP, van Leeuwen P, Wogan GOU, Ziegler T, Andreone F, Murphy RW (2017) Tracing a toad invasion: lack of mitochondrial DNA variation, haplotype origins, and potential distribution of introduced Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Madagascar. Amphibia-Reptilia 38, 197-207.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Vidal-García M, Keogh JS (2017) Invasive cane toads are unique in shape but overlap in ecological niche compared to Australian native frogs. Ecology and Evolution 7, 7609-7619.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Von Holle B, Simberloff D (2005) Ecological resistance to biological invasion overwhelmed by propagule pressure. Ecology 86, 3212-3218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wainwright CE, Wolkovich EM, Cleland EE (2012) Seasonal priority effects: implications for invasion and restoration in a semi-arid system. Journal of Applied Ecology 49, 234-241.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wijethunga U, Greenlees M, Shine R (2015) The acid test: pH tolerance of the eggs and larvae of the invasive cane toad (Rhinella marina) in southeastern Australia. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, 433-443.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wijethunga U, Greenlees M, Shine R (2016) Moving south: effects of water temperatures on the larval development of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in cool-temperate Australia. Ecology and Evolution 6, 6993-7003.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Wogan GOU, Stuart BL, Iskandar DT, McGuire JA (2016) Deep genetic structure and ecological divergence in a widespread human commensal toad. Biology Letters 12, 20150807.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Woinarski JCZ, Braby MF, Burbidge AA, Coates D, Garnett ST, Fensham RJ, Legge SM, McKenzie NL, Silcock JL, Murphy BP (2019) Reading the black book: the number, timing, distribution and causes of listed extinctions in Australia. Biological Conservation 239, 108261.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Yu F, Groen TA, Wang T, Skidmore AK, Huang J, Ma K (2017) Climatic niche breadth can explain variation in geographical range size of alpine and subalpine plants. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 31, 190-212.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

Zug GR, Zug PB (1979) The marine toad, Bufo marinus: a natural history resume of native populations. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 284, 1-58.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |