Register      Login
Animal Production Science Animal Production Science Society
Food, fibre and pharmaceuticals from animals
RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access)

Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 3. Pasture rundown, climate and grazing pressure effects

Jeffrey F. Clewett https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-9997 A E , Tom Newsome B , Colin J. Paton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4987-293X C , Alice R. Melland https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2323-251X A , Jochen E. Eberhard A , John McL Bennett https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-9396 D and Craig P. Baillie A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Centre for Agricultural Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, 487–535 West Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.

B Outcross Pty Ltd, PO Box 1668, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.

C EcoRich Grazing, PO Box 284, Goombungee, Qld 4354, Australia.

D Centre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Southern Queensland, 487–535 West Street, Qld 4350, Australia.

E Corresponding author. Email: jeff.clewett@usq.edu.au

Animal Production Science 61(12) 1280-1302 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20134
Submitted: 7 April 2020  Accepted: 5 March 2021   Published: 14 May 2021

Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC

Abstract

Context: The Acland Land System overlying the Walloon sandstone coal deposits in southern Queensland is generally marginal for cropping but well suited to grazing, and thus cultivated land is commonly returned to pasture. Rehabilitation of these lands after open-cut coal mining seeks to be safe, stable and self-sustaining to satisfy requirements for ecologically sustainable development.

Aims: The present paper evaluates the sustainability and economic viability of beef production on (a) lands retired from cultivation and then rehabilitated with sown pastures after open-cut coal mining at the New Acland mine site, and (b) similar nearby pasture lands that were not mined but were also retired from cultivation.

Methods: The GRASP grazing systems model was modified and calibrated with short-term (5-year) grazing trial data (soil, pasture and cattle observations), and then used with long-term (60-year) weather data to estimate effects of land type, pasture rundown, climate and grazing pressure on productivity and economic returns. The productivity of three rehabilitated sites and 15 unmined sites were evaluated, including pastures on six commercial properties.

Key results: Estimates of long-term mean annual growth of pastures on unmined lands retired from cultivation on three land types (Mountain Coolibah, Brigalow Uplands and Poplar Box) were 3398, 2817 and 2325 kg/ha respectively. Pasture growth was greater on rehabilitated lands; 3736 kg/ha on the site most typical of rehabilitated lands and a mean of 4959 kg/ha across three sites. Seasonal conditions had large effects on cattle liveweight gain (133–213 kg/head per year during the trial); however, pasture growth was the main driver of beef production and economic returns per hectare. In GRASP, potential nitrogen uptake was used to influence key pasture growth processes and accounted for 64% of variation in observed annual growth. The short-term lift and subsequent rundown in productivity typically associated with sown pastures was estimated to have increased mean annual pasture and cattle productivity during the 2014–2018 trial period by up to 17% and 25% respectively. Estimates of long-term mean annual beef production and economic returns for the unmined lands were less than estimated for rehabilitated lands and were 139 kg/head.year (45 kg/ha.year) and AU$154/adult equivalent.

Conclusions: Rehabilitated lands were found to be sustainable for beef production at grazing pressures up to 30% utilisation of annual pasture growth, and comparable with grazing systems on native and sown pastures in good condition. Pastures on unmined lands retired from cultivation had reduced productivity.

Implications: Overgrazing is a significant and on-going residual risk to sustainable production. Grazing regimes need to continually adjust for changes in novel landscapes, pasture condition and climate. The methods used in the present study could be applied more generally.

Keywords: cattle, climate, grazing management, pasture production, modelling, sustainable grazing systems.


References

Aisthorpe JL, Paton CJ, Timmers P (2004) Stocktake: a Paddock Scale, Grazing Land Monitoring and Management Package. In ‘Living in the Outback, proceedings of the 13th Biennial Rangelands Conference’, (Eds C Bastin, D Walsh, S Nicolson), Alice Springs, NT, Australia. pp. 379–380. (Australian Rangeland Society)

Alexander JL (2021) ‘Land types of the Darling Downs for inclusion and updating of ‘Land Types of Queensland’. (Ed. G Whish) (State of Queensland)

Alexander JA, Paton CJ, Milson J (2018) ‘Grazing fundamentals: EDGE Foundations for grazing production workshop notes.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Allen DE, Pringle MJ, Butler DW, Henry BK, Bishop TFA, Bray SG, Orton TG, Dalal RC (2016) Effects of land-use change and management on soil carbon and nitrogen in the Brigalow Belt, Australia: I. Overview and inventory. The Rangeland Journal 38, 443–452.
Effects of land-use change and management on soil carbon and nitrogen in the Brigalow Belt, Australia: I. Overview and inventory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ash AJ, McIvor JG (1995) Land condition in the tropical tall grass pasture lands. 2. Effects on herbage quality and nutrient uptake. The Rangeland Journal 17, 86–98.
Land condition in the tropical tall grass pasture lands. 2. Effects on herbage quality and nutrient uptake.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ash AJ, Smith DMS (1996) Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands: animals don’t practice what we preach. The Rangeland Journal 18, 216–243.
Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands: animals don’t practice what we preach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ash AJ, Brown JR, Cowan DC (1996) Transitions between vegetation states in tropical tallgrass: falling over cliffs and slowly climbing back. In ‘Focus on the Future - the Heat is On! Proceedings of the 9th Australian Rangelands Conference, Port Augusta, SA, Australia. (Eds Hunt LP, R Sinclair) pp. 219–220. (Australian Rangeland Society)

Ash AJ, Corfield J, Ksiksi T (2002) ‘The Ecograze project: developing guidelines to better manage grazing country.’ (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

AusIMM (2018) ‘From start to finish: a life-of-mine perspective, Spectrum Series 24.’ (Ed. AusIMM) (Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Baldock J, Grundy M, Wilson P, Jacquier D, Griffin T, Chapman G, Hall J, Maschmedt D, Crawford D, Hill J, Kidd D (2009) ‘Identification of areas within Australia with the potential to enhance soil carbon content.’ (Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Bath G (2016) FutureBeef Stocktake Plus app.: beyond development: extension and strategy. Qld Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, final report on project EIFL1501. Meat and Livestock Australia.

Bell LC (1996) Rehabilitation of disturbed land. In ‘Environmental management in the Australian minerals and energy industries: principles and practices’. (Ed. DR Mulligan) pp. 227–261. (University of NSW Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Bennett JM, Melland AR, Eberhard J, Paton C, Clewett JF, Newsome T, Baillie C (2021) Rehabilitating open-cut coal mine spoil for a pasture system in south east Queensland, Australia: abiotic soil properties compared with unmined land through time. Geoderma Regional 25, e00364

Biggs A (2007) The landscape and marginal cropping lands: inherent and induced. Tropical Grasslands 41, 133–138.

Biggs AJW, Coutts AJ, Harris PS (1999) ‘Central Downs land management manual: soil chemical data book.’ (Queensland Government, Department of Natural Resources: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Bortolussi G, McIvor JG, Hodgkinson JJ, Coffey SG, Holmes CR (2005a) The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 3. Annual liveweight gains from pasture based systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 1093–1108.
The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 3. Annual liveweight gains from pasture based systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bortolussi G, McIvor JG, Hodgkinson JJ, Coffey SG, Holmes CR (2005b) The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 4. Condition and management of natural resources. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 1109–1120.
The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 4. Condition and management of natural resources.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bowen MK, Chudleigh F (2018) Grazing pressure, land condition, productivity and profitability of beef cattle grazing buffel grass pastures in the subtropics of Australia: a modelling approach. Animal Production Science 58, 1451–1458.
Grazing pressure, land condition, productivity and profitability of beef cattle grazing buffel grass pastures in the subtropics of Australia: a modelling approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bray SG, Allen DE, Harms BP, Reid DJ, Fraser GW, Dalal RC, Walsh D, Phelps DG, Gunther R (2016) Is land condition a useful indicator of soil organic carbon stock in Australia’s northern grazing land? The Rangeland Journal 38, 229–243.
Is land condition a useful indicator of soil organic carbon stock in Australia’s northern grazing land?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Buisson E, Le Stradic S, Silveira FAO, Durigan G, Overbeck GE, Fidelis A, Fernandes GW, Bond WJ, Hermann J-M, Mahy G, Alvarado ST, Zaloumis NP, Veldman JW (2019) Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 94, 590–609.
Resilience and restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and grassy woodlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30251329PubMed |

Burrows WH, Orr DM, Hendricksen RE, Rutherford MT, Myles DJ, Back PV, Gowen R (2010) Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) pasture in central Queensland. 4. Animal production. Animal Production Science 50, 284–292.
Impacts of grazing management options on pasture and animal productivity in a Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) pasture in central Queensland. 4. Animal production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Butler AR, Anderson TR (2018) Reassessing rehabilitation objectives and targets for mature mining operations in Queensland. In ‘From start to finish: a life-of-mine perspective’. Spectrum Series 24. (Ed. AusIMM) pp. 233–242. (Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Carey B (2009) Soil. Queensland Historical Atlas. Available at https://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/soil [Verified 4 February 2020]

Carter JO, Hall WB, Brook KD, McKeon GM, Day KA, Paull CJ (2000) AussieGRASS: Australian grassland and rangeland assessment by spatial simulation. In ‘Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agricultural and natural ecosystems: the Australian experience’. (Eds G Hammer, N Nicholls, C Mitchell) pp. 329–349. (Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

Chilcott CR, Owens JS, Silburn DM, McKeon GM (2004) How long will soil resources last in semi-arid grazing systems? In ‘Proceedings of 13th International Soil Conservation Conference’, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. (International Soil Conservation Organization)

Clarkson NM (1989) Regression models to assess adaptation of annual medics (Medicago spp.) in semiarid subtropical Australia. In ‘Proceedings of the 16th International Grassland Congress’, Nice, France. (Ed. R Desroches) pp. 1535–1536. (Association Francaise pour la Production Feurragere: Versailles, France)

Clarkson NM, Chaplain NP, Fairbairn ML (1987) Comparative effects of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and nitrogen fertiliser on the herbage yield and quality of subtropical grass pastures in southern inland Queensland. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 257–265.
Comparative effects of annual medics (Medicago spp.) and nitrogen fertiliser on the herbage yield and quality of subtropical grass pastures in southern inland Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clewett JF (2009) Modifications to the GRASP Model for MLA project NBP0578 ‘Enhancing adoption of improved grazing and fire management practices in northern Australia’. Final report, Agroclim Australia.

Clewett JF (2015) Pasture measurements and bio-economic analyses to assess effects of climate, grazing pressure and pasture rundown on soil carbon and returns from legume-based sown pastures in the Condamine region of southern Queensland. Final report by Agroclim, Toowoomba, on project AOTGR1-137 ‘Increasing soil carbon in degraded cropping and grazing land’. Available at http://eprints.usq.edu.au/id/eprint/34790 [Verified 10 February 2020]

Clewett JF, Clarkson NM (2007) Influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on climate risk and native pastures in the northern Murray–Darling Basin. Tropical Grasslands 41, 203–215.

Clewett J, McKeon G, Cliffe N, Day K, Owens D, Pinnington G (1998) Grasp: pasture production calculator. In ‘Drought Plan: building on grazier participation to manage for climate variability’. Occasional Paper CV01/97. (Eds DM Stafford Smith, JF Clewett, AM Moore, GM McKeon, R Clark) pp. 85–89. (Land & Water Research & Development Corp.: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Clewett JF, Clarkson NM, George DA, Ooi SH, Owens DT, Partridge IJ, Simpson GB (2003) ‘Rainman StreamFlow version 4.3: a comprehensive climate and streamflow analysis package on CD to assess seasonal forecasts and manage climate risk.’ (Queensland Dept of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Clewett JF, Newsome T, Paton C, Bennett J, Melland A, Eberhard J, Baillie C (2018) Sustainable Production from Rehabilitated Coal Mine Pastures in Southern Queensland’s Brigalow Region: Acland Grazing Trial Results. In ‘Proceedings of the ‘Life-of-Mine 2018’ conference’, 25–27 July 2018, Brisbane. (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Coleman K, Jenkinson DS (1999) ‘ROTHC-26.3. A model for the turnover of carbon in soil: model description and windows users guide.’ (IACR–Rothamsted: Harpenden, UK)

Collard SJ, Zammit C (2006) Effects of land-use intensification on soil carbon and ecosystem services in Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) landscapes of southeast Queensland, Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 117, 185–194.
Effects of land-use intensification on soil carbon and ecosystem services in Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) landscapes of southeast Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Day KA, Philp MW (1997) Swiftsynd: A methodology for measuring a minimum data set for calibrating pasture and soil parameters of the pasture growth model GRASP. Appendix 3 of final report on project DAQ124A ‘Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pastures in Queensland’. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation., Canberra, ACT, Australia. Available at https://data.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/static/publications/DAQ124A_Appendix3.pdf [Verified 16 October 2020]

Day KA, McKeon GM, Carter JO (1997a) Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pasture in Queensland: Project DAQ124A, final report. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, ACT, Australia.

Day KA, Scattini WJ, Osborn JC (1997b) Further development of methods to calculate carrying capacity. In ‘Drought Plan: Building on Grazier Participation to manage for climate variability’. Occasional Paper CV01/97. (Eds DM Stafford Smith, JF Clewett, AM Moore, GM McKeon, R Clark) pp. 85–89. (Land & Water Research & Development Corporation: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

George DA, Clewett JF, Lloyd DL, McKellar R, Tan PL, Howden SM, Ugalde D, Rickards L, Barlow EWR (2019) Research priorities and best practices for managing climate risk and climate change adaptation in Australian agriculture. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 26, 6–24.
Research priorities and best practices for managing climate risk and climate change adaptation in Australian agriculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Graham T, Myers R, Doran J, Catchpoole V, Robbins G (1985) Pasture renovation: the effect of cultivation on the productivity and nitrogen cycling of a buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pasture. In ‘Proceedings of the XV International Grassland Congress’, Kyoto, Japan. (Eds H Kirita, N Kitahara, N Koyama, M Nashiki, K Ochiai, T Okubo) pp. 640–42. (Science Council of Japan: Tokyo, Japan)

Griffiths N, Rose H (2017) A study of sustainability and profitability of grazing on mine rehabilitated land in the Upper Hunter NSW. Final report for ACARP Project C23053. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia.

Grigg AH, Mullen BF, So HB, Shelton HM, Bisrat SA, Horn P, Yatapanage K (2002) Sustainable Grazing on Rehabilitated Lands in the Bowen Basin. Final report, ACARP Project C9038. University of Queensland, Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.

Hall WB, McKeon GM, Carter JO, Day KA, Howden SM, Scanlan JC, Johnston PW, Burrows WH (1998) Climate Change and Queensland’s grazing lands: II. An assessment of the impact on animal production from native pastures The Rangeland Journal 20, 177–205.
Climate Change and Queensland’s grazing lands: II. An assessment of the impact on animal production from native pasturesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hansen JW (1996) Is agricultural sustainability a useful concept? Agricultural Systems 50, 117–143.
Is agricultural sustainability a useful concept?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Harris PS, Biggs AJW, Stone BJ (Eds) (1999) ‘Central Darling Downs Land Management Manual. Vol. DNRQ990102.’ (Queensland Department of Natural Resources: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Heijnen E, Hodgson P, Lawrie B, Lee L, Stone B (1999) Land and environmental degradation. In ‘Central Darling Downs land management manual; resource information book. Vol. DNRQ990102’. (Eds PS Harris, AJW Biggs, BJ Stone, LN Crane) pp. 143–162. (Queensland Department Natural Resources and Mines: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Hobbs RJ, Arico S, Aronson J, Baron JS, Bridgewater P, Cramer VA, Epstein PR, Ewel JJ, Klink CA, Lugo AE, Norton D, Ojima D, Richardson DM, Sanderson EW, Valladares F, Vilà M, Zamora R, Zobel M (2006) Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 1–7.
Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holmes P, McLean I, Banks R (2017) Australian Beef Report. Identifying the barriers to profitable beef production: comprehensive data analysis for Queensland (Eastern Downs). Bush Agribusiness, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.

Hunt LP (2008) Safe pasture utilisation rates as a grazing management tool in extensively grazed tropical savannas of northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 30, 305–315.
Safe pasture utilisation rates as a grazing management tool in extensively grazed tropical savannas of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Isbell RF (2002) ‘The Australian Soils Classification: revised edition.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic, Australia)

Jeffrey SJ, Carter JO, Moodie KB, Beswick AR (2001) Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data. Environmental Modelling & Software 16, 309–330.
Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Maczkowiack RI, Smith CS, Slaughter GJ, Mulligan DR, Cameron DC (2012) Grazing as a post-mining land use: a conceptual model of the risk factors. Agricultural Systems 109, 76–89.
Grazing as a post-mining land use: a conceptual model of the risk factors.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McCullough CD, Harvey B, Unger CJ, Winchester S, McCarthy B, Coetzee J (2018) From start to finish: a perspective on improving sustainable development aspects of life-of-mine practices. In ‘From start to finish: a life-of-mine perspective’. Spectrum Series 24. (Ed. AusIMM) pp. 395–400. (Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

McIvor JG (2010) Enhancing adoption of improved grazing and fire management practices in northern Australia: synthesis of research and identification of best bet management guidelines. CSIRO project report B.NBP.0579. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

McKenzie N, Hairsine P, Gregory L, Austin J, Baldock J, Webb M (2017) ‘Priorities for improving soil condition across Australia’s agricultural landscapes.’ (CSIRO Agriculture and Food: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

McKeon GM, Ahrens D, Ash A, Brook K, Bruget D, Carter J, Whish G (2010) Improving grazing management using the GRASP Model. Final report on Project NBP.338. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

McKeon G, Day K, Howden S, Mott J, Orr W, Scattini W, Weston E (1990) Northern Australia savannas: management for pastoral production. Journal of Biogeography 17, 355–372.
Northern Australia savannas: management for pastoral production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

McKeon GM, Ash AJ, Hall WB, Stafford-Smith M (2000) Simulation of grazing strategies for beef production in north-east Queensland. In ‘Applications of seasonal climate forecasting in agricultural and natural ecosystems: the Australian experience’. (Eds G Hammer, N Nicholls, C Mitchell) pp. 227–252. (Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht, Netherlands)

McKeon GM, Hall WB, Henry BK, Stone GS, Watson IW (Eds) (2004) ‘Pasture Degradation and Recovery in Australia’s Rangelands: Learning from History.’ (Queensland Dept Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

McKeon GM, Stone GS, Syktus JI, Carter JO, Flood NR, Ahrens DG, Bruget DN, Chilcott CR, Cobon DH, Cowley RA, Crimp SJ, Fraser GW, Howden SM, Johnston PW, Ryan JG, Stokes CJ, Day KA (2009) Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues. The Rangeland Journal 31, 1–29.
Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Melland AR, Newsome T, Paton CJ, Clewett JF, Bennett JM, Eberhard J, Baillie CP (2021) Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 2. Acland Grazing Trial pasture and cattle performance. Animal Production Science.
Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 2. Acland Grazing Trial pasture and cattle performance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mulligan DR (Ed.) (1996) ‘Environmental management in the Australian minerals and energy industries: principles and practices.’ (University of NSW Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Newsome T, Melland A, Bennett J, Paton C, O’Rourke P, Armstrong J, Austin A (2014) Acland Grazing Trial: Optimising Rehabilitated Grazing Pastures for Sustainable and Economically Viable Beef Production. Annual report for Acland Pastoral Company. New Hope Group, Ipswich, Qld, Australia.

O’Reagain P, Bushell J, Pahl L, Scanlan JC (2018) Wambiana Grazing Trial Phase 3: Stocking Strategies for Improving Carrying Capacity, Land Condition and Biodiversity Outcomes. Final report. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Partridge I (1993) ‘Managing Southern Speargrass: a Grazier’s Guide.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Partridge IJ, Cook S, Paton CJ, Johnson B, Lambert G (2009) ‘Pastures for protection & production on marginal cropping lands. Vol. PRO9-4474’. (State of Queensland: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Paton CJ, Clewett JF (2016) Can legumes ‘stem the tide’ of pasture rundown? In ‘Proceedings of the 10th International Rangeland Congress’ (Iwaasa A, Lardner HA, Schellenberg M, Willms W, Larson K), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. pp. 719–721. (The International Rangeland Congress, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada).

Paton C, Hamilton J, Emery T (2011) ‘Best-bet practices for managing the grazing lands of the Maranoa Balonne: a technical guide of options for optimising animal production, profitability and land condition.’ (Queensland Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Paton CJ, Clewett JF, Melland AR, Newsome T, Eberhard J, Bennett JM, Baillie CP (2021) Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 1. Sown pasture growth and carrying capacity. Animal Production Science.
Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 1. Sown pasture growth and carrying capacity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Peck GA, Buck SR, Hoffman A, Holloway C, Johnson B, Lawrence DN, Paton CJ (2011) Review of productivity decline in sown grass pastures. Qld Government Report on Project B.NBP.0624. (Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney)

Peck G, Hall T, Johnson B, Buck S, O’Reagain J, Whish G, Kedzlie G, Newman L, O’Conner R, Taylor B (2017) Improving productivity of rundown sown grass pastures, Vol. 3: persistence and comparative productivity of legumes in sown grass pastures, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries final report on B.NBP.0639. Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Queensland Government (2014) ‘Rehabilitation requirements for mining resource activities EM1122: Guideline Resource Activities.’ (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Queensland Government (2015) ‘Guidelines for Agricultural Land Evaluation in Queensland.’ (State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources and Mines: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Quirk MF, McIvor JG (2007) ‘Grazing Land Management Technical manual.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Rab MA, Chandra S, Fisher PD, Robinson NJ, Kitching M, Aumann CD, Imhof M (2011) Modelling and prediction of soil water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point of dryland cropping soils. Soil Research 49, 389–407.
Modelling and prediction of soil water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point of dryland cropping soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Radford B, Thornton CM, Cowie BA, Stephens ML (2007) The Brigalow Catchment study: III. Productivity changes on brigalow land cleared for long-term cropping and for grazing. Australian Journal of Soil Research 45, 512–523.
The Brigalow Catchment study: III. Productivity changes on brigalow land cleared for long-term cropping and for grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Rickert KG, Stuth JW, McKeon GM (2000) Modelling pasture and animal production. In ‘Field and laboratory methods for grassland and animal production research’. (Eds L ‘t Mannetje, RM Jones) pp. 29–66. (CABI Publishing: New York, NY, USA)

Robbins GB, Rickert KG, Humphreys LR (1986) Productivity decline in sown tropical grass pastures with age: the problem and possible solutions. In ‘Animal Production in Australia. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production. Vol. 16’. (Ed. H Dove) pp. 319–322. (Pergamon Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Roe PA, Mulligan DR, Bell LC (1996) Environmental management of coal mines in the Bowen Basin, Central Queensland. In ‘Environmental management in the Australian minerals and energy industries: principles and practices’. (Ed. DR Mulligan) pp. 265–317. (University of NSW Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Sadras VO, Hayman PT, Rodríguez D, Monjardino M, Bielich M, Unkovich M, Mudge B, Wang E (2016) Interactions between water and nitrogen in Australian cropping systems: physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives. Crop and Pasture Science 67, 1019–1053.
Interactions between water and nitrogen in Australian cropping systems: physiological, agronomic, economic, breeding and modelling perspectives.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sanderman J, Farquharson R, Baldock J (2010) ‘Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential: a review for Australian agriculture.’ (CSIRO Land and Water: Canberra, ACT, Australia)

Sattler P, Williams R (1999) ‘The conservation status of Queensland’s bioregional ecosystems.’ (Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland Government: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Scanlan JC, Whish GL, Pahl L, Cowley RA, MacLeod ND (2010) The Northern Grazing Systems Project: Estimating safe stocking rate. In ‘Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society’, Bourke. (Eds DJ Eldridge, C Waters) (Australian Rangeland Society)

Scanlan JC, Pahl L, Whish G, MacLeod N, Cowley R, Phelps D (2011) ‘Enhancing adoption of improved grazing and fire management practices in northern Australia: biol.-economic analysis and regional assessment of management options.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Scanlan JC, McIvor JG, Bray SG, Cowley RA, Hunt LP, Pahl LI, MacLeod ND, Whish GL (2014) Resting pastures to improve land condition in northern Australia: guidelines based on the literature and simulation modelling. The Rangeland Journal 36, 429–443.
Resting pastures to improve land condition in northern Australia: guidelines based on the literature and simulation modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sinclair TR, Horie T (1989) Leaf Nitrogen, photosynthesis, and crop radiation use efficiency: a review. Crop Science 29, 90–98.
Leaf Nitrogen, photosynthesis, and crop radiation use efficiency: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

SKM (2008) ‘New Acland Coal Mine: Final land use rehabilitation plan. Vol. 2.1.’ (Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Smith CS, McDonald GT (1998) Assessing the sustainability of agriculture at the planning stage. Journal of Environmental Management 52, 15–37.
Assessing the sustainability of agriculture at the planning stage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

State of Queensland (2019). ‘Land types of Queensland. Version 3.1.’ (Ed. G Whish) (Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries: Brisbane, Qld, Australia). Available at https://futurebeef.com.au/knowledgecentre/land-types-of-queensland/ [Verified 20 February 2020]

Stokes CJ, Howden SM (2010) ‘Adapting agriculture to climate change: preparing Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the future.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Stone G, Pozza RD, Carter J, McKeon G (2019) LongPaddock: climate risk and grazing information for Australian rangelands and grazing communities. The Rangeland Journal 41, 225–232.
LongPaddock: climate risk and grazing information for Australian rangelands and grazing communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thornton CM, Shrestha K (2021) The Brigalow Catchment Study: V*. Clearing and burning brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) in Queensland, Australia, temporarily increases surface soil fertility prior to nutrient decline under cropping or grazing. Soil Research 59, 146–169.
The Brigalow Catchment Study: V*. Clearing and burning brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) in Queensland, Australia, temporarily increases surface soil fertility prior to nutrient decline under cropping or grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tothill JC, Gillies C (1992) ‘The pasture lands of northern Australia: their condition, productivity and sustainability.’ Occasional Publication No. 5. (Tropical Grassland Society of Australia: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Tothill JC, Hargreaves JNG, Jones RM (1992) ‘BOTANAL: a comprehensive sampling and computing procedure for estimating pasture TSDM and composition. 1. Field Sampling.’ Tropical Agronomy Technical Memorandum No 78. (CSIRO, Division Tropical Crops and Pastures: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Vandersee BE (1975) ‘Land Inventory and Technical Guide. Eastern Downs area, Queensland – Land classification and land use. Vol 7.’ (Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Division of Land Utilisation: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)

Wainman CC, McCabe PJ (2019) Evolution of the depositional environments of the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia. Sedimentology 66, 1673–1699.
Evolution of the depositional environments of the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures, Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whish G (2017) Modelling long-term productivity benefits of sowing legumes with buffel grass in central Queensland. In ‘Improving productivity of rundown sown grass pastures’. Qld Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, final report vol. 3 on project B.NBP.0639. Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia)

Whish GL, Cowley RA, Pahl LI, Scanlan JC, Macleod ND (2014) Impacts of projected climate change on pasture growth and safe carrying capacities for 3 extensive grazing land regions in northern Australia. Tropical Grasslands 2, 151–153.
Impacts of projected climate change on pasture growth and safe carrying capacities for 3 extensive grazing land regions in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wilson IH (2018) A Queensland perspective on post-closure management. In ‘From start to finish: a life-of-mine perspective’. Spectrum Series 24. (Ed. AusIMM) pp. 223–232. (Australian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)

Zhang B, Carter JO (2018) FORAGE: an online system for generating and delivering property-scale decision support information for grazing land and environmental management. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 150, 302–311.
FORAGE: an online system for generating and delivering property-scale decision support information for grazing land and environmental management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |