Deer are widely affected by climate changes. We conducted a literature review of direct effects, such as the impact of temperature causing heat stress, and indirect impacts, such as the reduction of food accessibility. Changes in body size, juvenile survival, population dynamics and reproductive timing have been observed in different parts of the world. Here we discussed about the ability of deer to cope with these changes by different species.

Amino acid supplementation (improved growth) and immunocastration (improved welfare) are two husbandry practices with an increasing interest for deer farming. Both treatments may interfere on antler growth through body growth and hormonal regulation. Forty-four yearling male fallow deer were subjected to these treatments to study their interaction. Amino acid supplementation scarcely affected antler growth, whereas immunocastrated animals had lighter less mineralised antlers, but no differences in their metatarsus. The results suggest that both techniques can be used simultaneously, especially for venison-production.

Antlers are a unique trait of deer and can be used as ‘naturally standardised’ environmental samples for monitoring ambient levels of bone-seeking pollutants. The present paper reviews basic aspects of antler growth and the history of using antlers as monitoring units in environmental research. Furthermore, we identify promising approaches for future studies using antlers as bioindicators.

Antler is the only mammal structure regenerating each year, and it is the fastest-growing tissue (much faster-growing than cancer). For this reason, several interesting medical applications are reviewed in this paper, such as anti-cancer activity of growing-antler extract. Studying growing antler may help develop powerful and general anti-cancer treatments without secondary effects, and the high metabolic rate and antioxidant system of the antler may also have other potential medical applications, such as delaying aging- or fight-associated diseases.

Meaningful classification of biodiversity through appropriate taxonomy provides the foundation for effective conservation and management. Integrating genetic data has helped inform within-species taxonomy by helping us understand how diversity is generated and maintained. We show how this integrative approach has worked well to resolve taxonomy in black-tailed and mule deer in North America, an example that provides a framework for assessing taxonomy in other species.

Cervids and bovids all have antlers and horns. Bovids’ horns grow continuously, while almost all cervids cast antlers annually. After mechanical analysis, we found that the weight of cervid antlers, the distance from the centre of gravity to the base of the cervid antler, and the torque of cervid antlers were significantly higher than those of bovid horns. The antlers exert more burden on the head of cervids than do horns on the head of bovids. Antler shedding could be the evolutionary strategy of deer to relieve the burden of antlers.

This study describes call types (roars, bellow and contact calls) produced by farmed male Iberian red deer kept with same-sex conspecifics out of breeding period by using the automated recording device. Of these three call types, two (bellows and contact calls) were previously unknown in male red deer and were produced only when people were absent on the farm. These data suggest that human presence may partially suppress vocal communication of farmed animals with conspecifics.

Different anthropogenic factors heavily reduced the number of the huemul, an endangered Patagonian deer. Our aim was deliminated potencial distribution of huemul by using climatic indicators, topographic, vegetational, and anthropogenic. Our model shows that most of argentine Patagonia is climatically suitable for huemul, suggesting that the causes of the distributional retraction are linked to factors derived from the combination of characteristics of the species’ biology and the increased anthropic. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct management and protection actions for species.