Register      Login
Environmental Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Society
Environmental problems - Chemical approaches
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Determination of bisphenol A, its chlorinated derivatives and structural analogues in vegetables by focussed ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and GC–MS/MS

Julia Martín https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-1291 A B , Juan Luis Santos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-1316 A , José Luis Malvar A , Irene Aparicio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5468-9021 A and Esteban Alonso https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1647-9226 A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Analytical Chemistry, Escuela Politécnica Superior, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África, 7, E–41011 Seville, Spain.

B Corresponding author. Email: jbueno@us.es

Environmental Chemistry 17(3) 266-277 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN19172
Submitted: 4 June 2019  Accepted: 13 September 2019   Published: 6 November 2019

Environmental context. Following stringent regulations, based on environmental health concerns, for controlling the production and usage of bisphenol A, several analogues have been developed as replacement chemicals. These analogues are now found in environmental samples at similar or even higher concentrations than bisphenol A. We report a sensitive and easy-to-perform analytical method for the determination of 11 bisphenols in vegetables.

Abstract. In this work, a sensitive, selective, fast and easy-to-perform method has been developed, based on focussed ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE), for the multiresidue determination of bisphenol A (BPA), its chlorinated derivatives (Clx-BPA) and six structural analogues (S, F, E, B, P, AF) in vegetables. Determination was carried out by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). A Box–Behnken design was used to optimise the most significant variables. Recoveries in the range from 74 to 105 %, precision (relative standard deviation) lower than 12 % and limits of quantification in the range from 0.05 to 1 ng g−1 d.w. (dry weight) were achieved. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the compounds in carrot, turnip and potato samples purchased from a local market. BPA and Cl-BPA were found in most of the analysed samples at concentrations up to 8.91 ng g−1 d.w. The analytical and operational properties of the method make it appropriate to be applied in food monitoring programs.

Additional keywords: analytical method, bisphenols, carrot, potato, turnip, validation.


References

Abril C, Martín J, Malvar JL, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2018a). Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as a new clean-up procedure for the determination of parabens, perfluorinated compounds, UV filters, biocides, surfactants, and plasticizers in root vegetables. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410, 5155–5163.
Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as a new clean-up procedure for the determination of parabens, perfluorinated compounds, UV filters, biocides, surfactants, and plasticizers in root vegetablesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29947903PubMed |

Abril C, Santos JL, Malvar JL, Martín J, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2018b). Determination of perfluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, anionic surfactants and personal care products in digested sludge, compost and soil by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1576, 34–41.
Determination of perfluorinated compounds, bisphenol A, anionic surfactants and personal care products in digested sludge, compost and soil by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30266235PubMed |

Alabi A, Caballero-Casero N, Rubio S (2014). Quick and simple sample treatment for multiresidue analysis of bisphenols, bisphenol diglycidyl ethers and their derivatives in canned food prior to liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1336, 23–33.
Quick and simple sample treatment for multiresidue analysis of bisphenols, bisphenol diglycidyl ethers and their derivatives in canned food prior to liquid chromatography and fluorescence detectionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24594089PubMed |

Albero B, Sánchez-brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL (2017). Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by GC–MS/MS to the analysis of emerging contaminants in vegetables. Food Chemistry 217, 660–667.
Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by GC–MS/MS to the analysis of emerging contaminants in vegetablesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27664684PubMed |

Aparicio I, Martín J, Abril C, Santos JL, Alonso E (2018). Determination of household and industrial chemicals, personal care products and hormones in leafy and root vegetables by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1533, 49–56.
Determination of household and industrial chemicals, personal care products and hormones in leafy and root vegetables by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29229332PubMed |

Ballesteros O, Zafra A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL (2006). Sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of phthalate esters, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and their chlorinated derivatives in wastewater samples. Journal of Chromatography A 1121, 154–162.
Sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of phthalate esters, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and their chlorinated derivatives in wastewater samplesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16690068PubMed |

Barroso PJ, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E (2018). Analytical method for the evaluation of the outdoor air contamination by emerging pollutants using tree leaves as bioindicators. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 410, 417–428.
Analytical method for the evaluation of the outdoor air contamination by emerging pollutants using tree leaves as bioindicatorsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29214539PubMed |

Bizkarguenaga E, Iparragirre A, Zabaleta I, Vallejo A, Fernández LA, Prieto A, Zuloaga O (2014). Focused ultrasound assisted extraction for the determination of PBDEs in vegetables and amended soil. Talanta 119, 53–59.
Focused ultrasound assisted extraction for the determination of PBDEs in vegetables and amended soilCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24401384PubMed |

Cacho JI, Campillo N, Vi P (2012). Stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to gas chromatography – mass spectrometry for the determination of bisphenols in canned beverages and filling liquids of canned vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A 1247, 146–153.
Stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to gas chromatography – mass spectrometry for the determination of bisphenols in canned beverages and filling liquids of canned vegetablesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22682950PubMed |

Česen M, Lenarčič K, Mislej V, Levstek M, Kovačič A, Cimrmančič B, Uranjek N, Kosjek T, Heath D, Dolenc MS, Heath E (2018). The occurrence and source identification of bisphenol compounds in wastewaters. The Science of the Total Environment 616–617, 744–752.
The occurrence and source identification of bisphenol compounds in wastewatersCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29096955PubMed |

Chen D, Kannan K, Tan H, Zheng Z, Feng Y-L, Wu Y, Widelka M (2016). Bisphenol analogues other than BPA: environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity – a review. Environmental Science & Technology 50, 5438–5453.
Bisphenol analogues other than BPA: environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity – a reviewCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheng Y, Nie X, Wu H, Hong Y, Yang B (2017). A high-throughput screening method of bisphenols, bisphenols digycidyl ethers and their derivatives in dairy products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 950, 98–107.
A high-throughput screening method of bisphenols, bisphenols digycidyl ethers and their derivatives in dairy products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27916136PubMed |

Cunha SC, Fernandes JO (2013). Assessment of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after QuEChERS and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Food Control 33, 549–555.
Assessment of bisphenol A and bisphenol B in canned vegetables and fruits by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after QuEChERS and dispersive liquid-liquid microextractionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dorival-Garcia N, Zafra-Gómez A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL (2012). Improved sample treatment for the determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in sewage sludge samples by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 101, 1–10.
Improved sample treatment for the determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in sewage sludge samples by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23158283PubMed |

ECHA (2018). Candidate list of substances of very high concern for authorisation. Available at https://echa.europa.eu/candidate-list-table [verified 20 June 2019].

EFSA (2015). Scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA Journal 13, 3978
Scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fan Z, Hu J, An W, Yang M (2013). Detection and occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and estrogens in drinking water of China: comparison to the parent compounds. Environmental Science & Technology 47, 10841–10850.
Detection and occurrence of chlorinated byproducts of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and estrogens in drinking water of China: comparison to the parent compoundsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

European Union (2011a). Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. The Official Journal of the European Union 1, 1–89.

European Union (2011b). Commission Directive 2011/8/EU of 28 January 2011 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as regards the restriction of use of Bisphenol A in plastic infant feeding bottles. The Official Journal of the European Union L26, 11–14.

European Union (2018). Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/213 of 12 February 2018 on the use of bisphenol A in varnishes and coatings intended to come into contact with food and amending Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 as regards the use of that substance in plastic food contact materials. The Official Journal of the European Union L41, 1–12.

Fattore M, Russo G, Barbato F, Grumetto L, Albrizio S (2015). Monitoring of bisphenols in canned tuna from Italian markets. Food and Chemical Toxicology 83, 68–75.
Monitoring of bisphenols in canned tuna from Italian marketsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26070504PubMed |

Fukazawa H, Watanabe M, Shiraishi F, Shiraishi H, Shiozawa T, Matsushita H, Terao Y (2002). Formation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A in waste paper recycling plants and their estrogenic activities. Journal of Health Science 48, 242–249.
Formation of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A in waste paper recycling plants and their estrogenic activitiesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Gallart-Ayala H, Moyano E, Galceran MT (2011). Fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F-diglycidyl ether and their derivatives in canned food and beverages. Journal of Chromatography A 1218, 1603–1610.
Fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of bisphenol A-diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F-diglycidyl ether and their derivatives in canned food and beveragesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21333297PubMed |

Gallo P, Di Marco Pisciottano I, Esposito F, Fasano E, Scognamiglio G, Mita GD, Cirillo T (2017). Determination of BPA, BPB, BPF, BADGE and BFDGE in canned energy drinks by molecularly imprinted polymer cleaning up and UPLC with fluorescence detection. Food Chemistry 220, 406–412.
Determination of BPA, BPB, BPF, BADGE and BFDGE in canned energy drinks by molecularly imprinted polymer cleaning up and UPLC with fluorescence detectionCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27855918PubMed |

García-Córcoles MT, Cipa M, Rodríguez-Gómez R, Rivas A, Olea-Serrano F, Vílchez JL, Zafra-Gómez A (2018). Determination of bisphenols with estrogenic activity in plastic packaged baby food samples using solid-liquid extraction and clean-up with dispersive sorbents followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 178, 441–448.
Determination of bisphenols with estrogenic activity in plastic packaged baby food samples using solid-liquid extraction and clean-up with dispersive sorbents followed by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysisCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29136846PubMed |

González AG, Herrador MA (2007). A practical guide to analytical method validation, including measurement uncertainty and accuracy profiles. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 26, 227–238.
A practical guide to analytical method validation, including measurement uncertainty and accuracy profilesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Halden RU (2010). Plastics and health risks. Annual Review of Public Health 31, 179–194.
Plastics and health risksCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20070188PubMed |

Hu JY, Aizawa T, Ookubo S (2002). Products of aqueous chlorination of bisphenol A and their estrogenic activity. Environmental Science & Technology 36, 1980–1987.
Products of aqueous chlorination of bisphenol A and their estrogenic activityCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jiang H-L, Lin Y-L, Li N, Wang Z-W, Liu M, Zhao R-S, Lin J-M (2018). Application of magnetic N-doped carbon nanotubes in solid-phase extraction of trace bisphenols from fruit juices. Food Chemistry 269, 413–418.
Application of magnetic N-doped carbon nanotubes in solid-phase extraction of trace bisphenols from fruit juicesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30100453PubMed |

Lane RF, Adams CD, Randtke SJ, Carter RE (2015). Chlorination and chloramination of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in drinking water. Water Research 79, 68–78.
Chlorination and chloramination of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in drinking waterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25965889PubMed |

Li Y, Lu P, Cheng J, Zhu X, Guo W, Liu L (2018). Novel microporous β -cyclodextrin polymer as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of bisphenols in water samples and orange juice. Talanta 187, 207–215.
Novel microporous β -cyclodextrin polymer as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of bisphenols in water samples and orange juiceCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29853037PubMed |

Liao C, Kannan K (2013). Concentrations and profiles of bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, 4655–4662.
Concentrations and profiles of bisphenol A and other bisphenol analogues in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposureCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23614805PubMed |

Liu Y, Zhang S, Song N, Guo R, Chen M, Mai D, Yan Z, Han Z, Chen J (2017). Occurrence, distribution and sources of bisphenol analogues in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implications for ecological and human health risk. The Science of the Total Environment 599–600, 1090–1098.
Occurrence, distribution and sources of bisphenol analogues in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implications for ecological and human health riskCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28511354PubMed |

Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC (2013). Analysis of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and natural estrogens in vegetables and fruits using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61, 84–89.
Analysis of bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and natural estrogens in vegetables and fruits using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23215552PubMed |

Lu L, Yang Y, Zhang J, Shao B (2014). Determination of seven bisphenol analogues in reed and Callitrichaceae by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B 953–954, 80–85.
Determination of seven bisphenol analogues in reed and Callitrichaceae by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Lu J, Wu J, Stoffella PJ, Wilson PC (2015). Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 283, 865–870.
Uptake and distribution of bisphenol A and nonylphenol in vegetable crops irrigated with reclaimed waterCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25464330PubMed |

Mandrah K, Satyanarayana GNV, Kumar S (2017). A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet followed by injector port silylation coupled with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of nine bisphenols in bottled carbonated beverages. Journal of Chromatography A 1528, 10–17.
A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet followed by injector port silylation coupled with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of nine bisphenols in bottled carbonated beveragesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29096924PubMed |

Martín J, Zafra-Gómez A, Hidalgo F, Ibáñez-Yuste AJ, Alonso E, Vilchez JL (2017). Multi-residue analysis of 36 priority and emerging pollutants in marine echinoderms (Holothuria tubulosa) and marine sediments by solid-liquid extraction followed by dispersive solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Talanta 166, 336–348.
Multi-residue analysis of 36 priority and emerging pollutants in marine echinoderms (Holothuria tubulosa) and marine sediments by solid-liquid extraction followed by dispersive solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysisCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28213243PubMed |

Mijangos L, Bizkarguenaga E, Prieto A, Fernandez LA, Zuloaga O (2015). Simultaneous determination of a variety of endocrine disrupting compounds in carrot, lettuce and amended soil by means of focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction as simplified clean-up strategy. Journal of Chromatography A 1389, 8–18.
Simultaneous determination of a variety of endocrine disrupting compounds in carrot, lettuce and amended soil by means of focused ultrasonic solid-liquid extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction as simplified clean-up strategyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25746759PubMed |

Niu Y, Wang B, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Shao B (2017). Highly sensitive and high-throughput method for the analysis of bisphenol analogues and their halogenated derivatives in breast milk. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, 10452–10463.
Highly sensitive and high-throughput method for the analysis of bisphenol analogues and their halogenated derivatives in breast milkCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29129061PubMed |

Noszczyńska M, Piotrowska-Seget Z (2018). Bisphenols: Application, occurrence, safety, and biodegradation mediated by bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants and rivers. Chemosphere 201, 214–223.
Bisphenols: Application, occurrence, safety, and biodegradation mediated by bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants and riversCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29524822PubMed |

Pahigian JM, Zuo Y (2018). Occurrence, endocrine-related bioeffects and fate of bisphenol A chemical degradation intermediates and impurities: A review. Chemosphere 207, 469–480.
Occurrence, endocrine-related bioeffects and fate of bisphenol A chemical degradation intermediates and impurities: A reviewCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29807346PubMed |

Pérez-Palacios D, Fernández-Recio MA, Moreta C, Tena MT (2012). Determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds in food-contact recycled-paper materials by focused ultrasonic solid–liquid extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 99, 167–174.
Determination of bisphenol-type endocrine disrupting compounds in food-contact recycled-paper materials by focused ultrasonic solid–liquid extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22967537PubMed |

Regueiro J, Wenzl T (2015). Development and validation of a stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenols in ready-made meals. Journal of Chromatography A 1414, 110–121.
Development and validation of a stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenols in ready-made mealsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26456223PubMed |

Sabourin L, Beck A, Duenk PW, Kleywegt S, Lapen DR, Li H, Metcalfe CD, Payne M, Topp E (2009). Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following application of dewatered municipal biosolids to an agricultural field. The Science of the Total Environment 407, 4596–4604.
Runoff of pharmaceuticals and personal care products following application of dewatered municipal biosolids to an agricultural fieldCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19464726PubMed |

Tišler T, Krel A, Gerželj U, Erjavec B, Dolenc MS, Pintar A (2016). Hazard identification and risk characterization of bisphenols A, F and AF to aquatic organisms. Environmental Pollution 212, 472–479.
Hazard identification and risk characterization of bisphenols A, F and AF to aquatic organismsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26957022PubMed |

Tu X, Wu S, Liu W, Gao Z, Huang S, Chen W (2019). Sugaring-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in Royal Jelly. Food Analytical Methods 12, 705–711.
Sugaring-Out Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B in Royal JellyCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tuzimski T, Szubartowski S (2019). Method development for selected bisphenols analysis in sweetened condensed milk from a can and breast milk samples by HPLC–DAD and HPLC-QqQ-MS: Comparison of sorbents (Z-SEP, Z-SEP Plus, PSA, C18, Chitin and EMR-Lipid) for clean-up of QuEChERS extract. Molecules 24, 2093–2113.
Method development for selected bisphenols analysis in sweetened condensed milk from a can and breast milk samples by HPLC–DAD and HPLC-QqQ-MS: Comparison of sorbents (Z-SEP, Z-SEP Plus, PSA, C18, Chitin and EMR-Lipid) for clean-up of QuEChERS extractCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Vílchez JL, del Olmo M, González-Casado A, Navalón A (2005). Spanish Patent ES 2 190 852 B1 (2005). Available at: http://www.oepm.es/pdf/ES/0000/000/02/19/08/ES-2190852_A1.pdf [verified 16 October 2019]

vom Saal FS, Hughes C (2005). An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 926–933.
An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessmentCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16079060PubMed |

Wu C, Spongberg AL, Witter JD, Sridhar BBM (2012). Transfer of wastewater associated pharmaceuticals and personal care products to crop plants from biosolids treated soil. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 85, 104–109.
Transfer of wastewater associated pharmaceuticals and personal care products to crop plants from biosolids treated soilCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22921256PubMed |

Xian Y, Wu Y, Dong H, Guo X, Wang B, Wang L (2017). Dispersive micro solid phase extraction (DMSPE) using polymer anion exchange (PAX) as the sorbent followed by UPLC–MS/MS for the rapid determination of four bisphenols in commercial edible oils. Journal of Chromatography A 1517, 35–43.
Dispersive micro solid phase extraction (DMSPE) using polymer anion exchange (PAX) as the sorbent followed by UPLC–MS/MS for the rapid determination of four bisphenols in commercial edible oilsCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28859891PubMed |

Xiong L, Yan P, Chu M, Gao Y, Li W, Yang X (2018). A rapid and simple HPLC–FLD screening method with QuEChERS as the sample treatment for the simultaneous monitoring of nine bisphenols in milk. Food Chemistry 244, 371–377.
A rapid and simple HPLC–FLD screening method with QuEChERS as the sample treatment for the simultaneous monitoring of nine bisphenols in milkCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29120796PubMed |

Yang Y, Lu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wu Y, Shao B (2014a). Simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols in environmental water and solid samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1328, 26–34.
Simultaneous determination of seven bisphenols in environmental water and solid samples by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometryCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24411090PubMed |

Yang Y, Yu J, Yin J, Shao B, Zhang J (2014b). Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for selective extraction of bisphenol analogues in beverages and canned food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, 11130–11137.
Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for selective extraction of bisphenol analogues in beverages and canned foodCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25350221PubMed |

Yang D, Li X, Meng D, Wang M, Yang Y (2017). Supramolecular solvents combined with layered double hydroxide- coated magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of bisphenols and 4-tert- octylphenol from fruit juices. Food Chemistry 237, 870–876.
Supramolecular solvents combined with layered double hydroxide- coated magnetic nanoparticles for extraction of bisphenols and 4-tert- octylphenol from fruit juicesCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28764080PubMed |

Zhang C, Feng Y, Liu Y-W, Chang H-Q, Li Z-J, Xue J-M (2017). Uptake and translocation of organic pollutants in plants: A review. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 16, 1659–1668.
Uptake and translocation of organic pollutants in plants: A reviewCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |