Register      Login
International Journal of Wildland Fire International Journal of Wildland Fire Society
Journal of the International Association of Wildland Fire
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Site environment characterization of downed woody fuels in the Rincon Mountains, Arizona: regression tree approach

Erick Sánchez-Flores A and Stephen R. Yool A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Department of Geography and Regional Development, The University of Arizona, Harvill Building, Box #2, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

B Corresponding author. Telephone: +1 520 621 8549; fax: +1 520 621 2889; email: yools@email.arizona.edu

International Journal of Wildland Fire 13(4) 467-477 https://doi.org/10.1071/WF04015
Submitted: 10 March 2004  Accepted: 4 October 2004   Published: 15 December 2004

Abstract

Characterization of forest fuels is key to successful implementation of any fire management system. Great strides have been made in the characterization of forest canopy fuels by the use of remote sensing technology. Remote sensing of surface fuels is, however, limited by the physical intervention of the overlaying canopy. This limitation underscores the importance of exploring alternative approaches that relate site environment characteristics to the production and accumulation of understory fuels. This study predicts downed woody fuel loadings based on variables such as topography, fire history, and vegetation type in the forested area of the Rincon Mountains in southern Arizona. We used classification and regression trees (CART) to make these predictions. Results show that fine woody fuel loadings are predicted best by vegetation type and slope. Coarse woody fuels are predicted best by differences in elevation.

Additional keywords: downed woody fuels; fire history; regression tree; topography.


References


Allen LS (1996) Ecological role of fire in the Madrean Province. In ‘Effects of fires on Madrean Province ecosystems: a symposium proceedings’. (Ed. PF Ffolliott) pp. 5–10. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Andersen MC, Watts JM, Freilich JE, Yool SR, Wakefield GI, McCauley JF , Fahnestock PB (2000) Regression-tree modeling of the desert tortoise habitat in the Central Mojave Desert. Ecological Applications  103, 890–900.
Anderson HE (1974) ‘Appraising forest fuels: a concept.’ USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Research Note INT-187. (Ogden, UT)

Baisan CH , Swetnam TW (1990) Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research  20, 1559–1569.
Balice RG, Miller JD, Oswald BP, Edminster C, Yool SR (2000) ‘Forest surveys and wildfire assessment in the Los Alamos Region; 1998–1999.’ LA-13714-MS. (Los Alamos National Laboratory: Los Alamos, NM)

Barney RJ, Bevins CD, Bradshaw LS (1981) ‘Forest floor fuel loads, depths, and bulk densities in four Interior Alaskan cover types.’ USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station Research Note INT-304. (Ogden, UT)

Barton AM (1993) Factors controlling plant distributions: drought, competition, and fire in montane pines in Arizona. Ecological Monographs  63, 367–397.
Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olsen RA, Stone CJ (1984) ‘Classification and regression trees.’ (Wadsworth International Group: Belmont, CA)

Brown AA, Davis KP (1973) ‘Forest fire: control and use.’ (McGraw-Hill: New York)

Brown JK, See TE (1981) ‘Downed dead woody fuel and biomass in the northern Rocky Mountains.’ USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station General Technical Report INT-117. (Ogden, UT)

Brown JK, Oberheu RD, Johnston CM (1982) ‘Handbook for inventorying surface fuels and biomass in the Interior West.’ USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station General Technical Report INT-129. (Ogden, UT)

Burke IC, Reiners WA , Olson RK (1989) Topographic control of vegetation in a Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe. Vegetatio  84, 77–86.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Cartledge TR (1996) Heritage resources and fire management: a resource management crossroads. In ‘Fire effects in southwestern forests. Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium, Los Alamos, NM’. (Ed. Craig D. Allen) pp. 206–214. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Chambers JM, Hastie TJ (Eds) (1992) . ‘Statistical models in S.’ (Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole: Pacific Grove, CA)

Countryman CM (1972) ‘The fire environment concept.’ (USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: Corvallis, OR)

Covington WW , Moore MM (1994) Southwestern ponderosa structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry  92, 39–47.
Dungan JL, Peterson DL, Curran PJ (1994) Alternative approaches for mapping vegetation quantities using ground and image data. In ‘Environmental information management and analysis: ecosystems to global scales’. (Eds WK Michener, JW Brunt, SG Stafford) pp. 238–261. (Taylor & Francis: Bristol, PA)

Franklin J (1995) Predictive vegetation mapping: geographic modeling of biospatial patterns in relation to environmental gradients. Progress in Physical Geography  19, 474–499.
Gisborne HT (1928) Measuring forest-fire danger in northern Idaho. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 29.

Greenough JA (2001) ‘Fuel characteristic classification system design.’ (USDA Forest Service: Corvallis, OR)

Hagan JM , Grove SL (1999) Coarse woody debris. Journal of Forestry  97, 6–11.
Insightful Corporation (2001) ‘S-PLUS 6 for Windows Guide to Statistics, Volume 1.’ (Insightful Corporation: Seattle)

Keane RE, Mincemoyer SA, Schmidt KM, Log DG, Garner JL (2000) ‘Mapping vegetation and fuels for fire management on the Gila National Forest Complex, New Mexico.’ USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-46-CD. (Missoula, MT)

Keane RE, Burgan R , van Wagtendonk J (2001) Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: integrating remote sensing, GIS, and biophysical modeling. International Journal of Wildland Fire  10, 301–319.
Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | Kessell SR (1979) ‘Gradient modeling. Resource and fire management.’ (Springer-Verlag: New York)

Majure JJ, Cressie N, Cook D, Symanzik J (1996) GIS, spatial statistical graphics, and forest health. In ‘Proceedings third international conference/workshop on integrating GIS and environmental modeling, Santa Fe, NM’, 21–26 January 1996. (CD-ROM) (National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis: Santa Barbara, CA)

McKelvey KS, Busse KK (1996) ‘Twentieth-Century fire patterns on forest service lands. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project, Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessment and scientific basis for management options.’ (University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources: Davis)

McNab WH (1989) Terrain Shape Index: quantifying effect of minor landforms on tree height. Forest Science  33, 91–104.
Michener WK, Houhoulis PH (1996) Identification and assessment of natural disturbances in forested ecosystems: The role of GIS and Remote Sensing. In ‘Proceedings third international conference/workshop on integrating GIS and environmental modeling, Santa Fe, NM’, 21–26 January 1996. (CD-ROM) (National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis: Santa Barbara, CA)

Moore DM, Less BG , Davey SM (1991) PROFILE. A new method for predicting vegetation distributions using Decision Tree Analysis in a Geographic Information System. Environmental Management  15, 59–71.
National Park Service (2001) ‘NPS National Fire Monitoring Handbook Software. Version. 3.10.2.3.’ (NPS: Boise, ID)

Niering WA , Lowe CH (1984) Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains: Community types and dynamics. Vegetatio  58, 3–29.
Pyne SJ, Andrews PL, Laven RD (1996) ‘Introduction to wildland fire.’ (John Wiley & Sons: New York)

Sackett SS (1979) ‘Natural fuel loadings in ponderosa pine mixed conifer forests of the Southwest.’ USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Research Paper RM 213. (Fort Collins, CO)

Sackett SS, Haase SM (1996) Fuel loadings in southwestern ecosystems of the United States. In ‘Effects of fires on Madrean Province Ecosystems: a symposium proceedings’. (Ed. PF Ffolliott) pp. 187–192. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Show SB, Kotok EI (1924) ‘Role of fire in the California pine forests.’ USDA Departmental Bulletin, December 1924.

Spies TA, Franklin J , Thomas TB (1988) Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests. Ecology  69, 1689–1702.
Steinberg D, Colla PL (1995) ‘CART: Tree-structured nonparametric data analysis.’ (Salford Systems: San Diego, CA)

Stevens V (1997) ‘The ecological role of coarse woody debris: an overview of the ecological importance of CWD in B.C. forests.’ (Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests: Victoria, BC)

Swanson FJ, Kratz TK, Caine N , Woodmansee RG (1988) Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes. Bioscience  38, 92–98.
Swetnam TW (1990) Fire history and climate in the southwestern United States. In ‘Effects of fire management of southwestern natural resources: proceedings of a symposium, 15–17 November 1988, Tucson, AZ’. (Ed. JS Krammes) pp. 6–17. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Swetnam TW, Baisan CH (1996a) Fire histories of montane forests in the Madrean borderlands. In ‘Effects of fires on Madrean Province ecosystems: a symposium proceedings’. (Ed. PF Ffolliott) pp. 15–36. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Swetnam TW, Baisan CH (1996b) Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. In ‘Fire effects in southwestern forests. Proceedings of the second La Mesa Fire Symposium, Los Alamos, NM’. (Ed. CD Allen) pp. 11–32. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)

Swetnam TW, Baisan CH, Kaib M (2001) Forest fire histories of the Sky Islands of La Frontera. In ‘Changing plant life of La Frontera. Observations on vegetation in the United States/Mexico Borderlands’. (Eds GL Webster, CJ Bahre) pp. 95–119. (University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque)

Thysell DR, Carey AB (2000) ‘Effects of forest management on understory and overstory vegetation: a retrospective study.’ USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Fprest and Range Experiment Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-488. (Portland, OR)

USDI National Park Service (2001) ‘Fire monitoring handbook.’ (Fire Management Program Center, National Interagency Fire Center: Boise, ID) 274 pp.

Venables WN, Ripley BD (1997) Tree-based methods. In ‘Modern applied statistics with S-Plus’. (Ed. BD Ripley) pp. 413–430. (Springer-Verlag: New York)

Whittaker RH (1967) Gradient analysis of vegetation. Botanical Review  42, 207–264.
Yool SR (1999) Remote sensing fire studies in the Greater Borderlands. In ‘Toward integrated research, land management, and ecosystem protection in the Malpai Borderlands. Conference summary, 6–8 January 1999, Douglas, Arizona’. (Compilers GJ Gotfried, LG Eskew, CG Curtin, CB Edminster) pp. 88–92. (USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: Fort Collins, CO)