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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 49(12)

A bromochloromethane formulation reduces enteric methanogenesis in cattle fed grain-based diets

N. W. Tomkins A C , S. M. Colegate B and R. A. Hunter A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A CSIRO Livestock Industries, JM Rendel Laboratory, PO Box 5545, CQ Mail Centre, Qld 4702, Australia.

B CSIRO Livestock Industries, Plant Toxins Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Road, East Geelong, Vic. 3219, Australia.

C Corresponding author. Email: nigel.tomkins@csiro.au

Animal Production Science 49(12) 1053-1058 https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08223
Submitted: 29 August 2008  Accepted: 15 July 2009   Published: 16 November 2009

Abstract

Enteric fermentation has been estimated to be responsible for 64.2 Mt CO2-e, or ~16% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions (Australian Greenhouse Office 2007). A bromochloromethane (BCM) formulation, previously shown to inhibit methanogenesis, was included in the diet of Brahman (Bos indicus) cross steers, twice daily in three separate experiments, to determine the effect on methane production, daily feed intake, liveweight (LW) gain and accumulation of residues of BCM in edible tissue.

In the first experiment, the BCM formulation was fed at rates of 0, 0.15, 0.30, or 0.60 g/100 kg LW, twice daily, for 28 days. Methane production (mean ± s.e.), measured over 11 h after feed was first consumed on day 28, was 0.3 ± 0.13 and 0.1 ± 0.03 L/h for animals treated at a rate of 0.30 and 0.60 g/100 kg LW, respectively. This was significantly less (P < 0.05) than for control animals (4.6 ± 0.46 L/h) and animals treated at a rate of 0.15 g/100 kg LW (2.1 ± 0.28 L/h). The dose rate of 0.30 g/100 kg LW was associated with a decrease in methanogenesis by ~93% compared with the control group and was used in subsequent experiments.

The second experiment evaluated the efficacy of the BCM formulation fed at rates of 0 or 0.30 g/100 kg LW, twice daily, for 90 days. Methane production was measured over 24-h periods, on days 30, 60 and 90. For days 30 and 90, methane production was reduced by 60% (P < 0.05) to 4.2 ± 1.82 L/h and by 50% (P < 0.05) to 6.1 ± 0.63 L/h, respectively, for treated animals compared with the control group.

The final experiment determined the effect on LW gain and detectable residues in edible tissue, with animals given the BCM formulation at rates of 0 or 0.30 g/100 kg LW, twice daily, for 85 days. Liver, kidney, depot fat and muscle samples collected 1 and 10 days after the last day of treatment had concentrations of BCM that did not exceed 0.015 mg/kg and were less than the temporary maximum residue limit (0.02 mg/kg BCM), which applies to bovine meat, fat and edible offal. There were no significant differences in LW gain (1.4 ± 0.10 v. 1.5 ± 0.07 kg/day), feed conversion ratio (5.7 ± 0.32 v. 5.4 ± 0.09), hot carcass weight (235 ± 5.0 v. 250 ± 6.5 kg) or P8 fat depth (6.4 ± 0.89 v. 8.1 ± 1.15 mm) between control and treated animals.

The experiments reported here were completed in 2004 before the Australian Government prohibited the manufacture and use of BCM. It is unlikely that the BCM formulation will be available for commercial use to mitigate livestock methane emissions in Australia. Nevertheless, the study has demonstrated that methane emissions were substantially reduced over a 90-day feedlot finishing period. This indicates that alternative antimethanogens with a similar mechanism of action may have practical commercial relevance.

Additional keywords: antimethanogen, cyclodextrin, methane, residues.


Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the valuable contribution of Neil Anderton, Plant Toxins Research Group, (CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong) for preparing the BCM formulation; the valuable support and interest of Marion Andrew (CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong); Karina Tane, Chris O’Neill, Alan Day and Bill van den Heuvel for assisting in monitoring respiration chambers; Dean Gibson for training and care of experimental animals (CSIRO Livestock Industries, Rockhampton); Robert Dickinson (Food Science Australia, Canon Hill), and AQIS and abattoir staff (AMH Nerimba, Queensland) for slaughter and tissue collection. Peter Kennedy (CSIRO Livestock Industries, Rockhampton) is acknowledged for his valuable and constructive comments on the manuscript.


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