Register      Login
Marine and Freshwater Research Marine and Freshwater Research Society
Advances in the aquatic sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Gastropod communities associated with different morphologies of the intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii

F. Gemelli A B , C. R. Johnson A and J. T. Wright A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia.

B Corresponding author. Email: federica.gemelli@utas.edu.au

Marine and Freshwater Research 70(2) 280-291 https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18159
Submitted: 12 April 2018  Accepted: 10 July 2018   Published: 25 September 2018

Abstract

Hormosira banksii is an important intertidal habitat-forming seaweed in southern Australia that shows large variation in morphology. We examined the relationship between morphological variation in Hormosira and associated gastropod community structure, abundance and diversity in Tasmania, southern Australia. We sampled both Hormosira and gastropods from sites in two habitats (coast and estuary), two times (February–March and October–November) at two regions (northern and eastern Tasmania). There were distinct Hormosira morphs on the north coast (small individuals), east coast (intermediate sized individuals) and in estuaries (large individuals). Multivariate analysis showed that gastropod communities varied among the different algal morphologies, and suggest an influence of morphological traits, specifically thallus length, vesicle number and size, on the distribution patterns of gastropod species. Despite the finding of distinct gastropod communities associated with the different Hormosira morphs, because the different morphs occur in different locations with different physical conditions, we cannot unequivocally attribute the differences in gastropod communities to seaweed morphology per se. Nonetheless, our results confirm that H. banksii is an important foundation species in the intertidal zone and suggest a habitat-specific effect of algal morphological traits on gastropods.

Additional keywords: biodiversity, canopy-forming seaweed, community structure, ecosystem engineer, morphology.


References

Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In ‘Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory’, 2–8 September 1971, Tsahkadsor, Armenia, USSR. (Eds B. Petrov and F. Caski.) pp. 267–281. (Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, Hungary.)

Altieri, A. H., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Bertness, M. D., and Silliman, B. R. (2010). Facilitation cascade drives positive relationship between native biodiversity and invasion success. Ecology 91, 1269–1275.
Facilitation cascade drives positive relationship between native biodiversity and invasion success.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Anderson, M. J., Gorley, R. N., and Clarke, K. R. (2008). PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to software and statistical methods. PRIMER-E Ltd., Plymouth, UK.

Attrill, M. J., Strong, J. A., and Rowden, A. A. (2000). Are macroinvertebrate communities influenced by seagrass structural complexity? Ecography 23, 114–121.
Are macroinvertebrate communities influenced by seagrass structural complexity?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beck, M. W. (1998). Comparison of the measurement and effects of habitat structure on gastropods in rocky intertidal and mangrove habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 169, 165–178.
Comparison of the measurement and effects of habitat structure on gastropods in rocky intertidal and mangrove habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Beermann, A. J., Ellrich, J. A., Molis, M., and Scrosati, R. A. (2013). Effects of seaweed canopies and adult barnacles on barnacle recruitment: the interplay of positive and negative influences. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 448, 162–170.
Effects of seaweed canopies and adult barnacles on barnacle recruitment: the interplay of positive and negative influences.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bell, E. C. (1993). Photosynthetic response to temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus. Marine Biology 117, 337–346.
Photosynthetic response to temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bell, E. C. (1995). Environmental and morphological influences on thallus temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus Kützing. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 191, 29–55.
Environmental and morphological influences on thallus temperature and desiccation of the intertidal alga Mastocarpus papillatus Kützing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Benedetti-Cecchi, L., and Cinelli, F. (1992). Effects of canopy cover, herbivores and substratum type on patterns of Cystoseira spp. settlement and recruitment in littoral rockpools. Marine Ecology Progress Series 90, 183–191.
Effects of canopy cover, herbivores and substratum type on patterns of Cystoseira spp. settlement and recruitment in littoral rockpools.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bergquist, P. L. (1959). A statistical approach to the ecology of Hormosira banksii. Botanica Marina 1, 23–52.
A statistical approach to the ecology of Hormosira banksii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bertness, M. D., Gaines, S. D., and Hay, M. E. (Eds) (2001). Marine Community Ecology.

Bishop, M. J., Morgan, T., Coleman, M. A., Kelaher, B. P., Hardstaff, L. K., and Evenden, R. W. (2009). Facilitation of molluscan assemblages in mangroves by the fucalean alga Hormosira banksii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 392, 111–122.
Facilitation of molluscan assemblages in mangroves by the fucalean alga Hormosira banksii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bishop, M. J., Byers, J. E., Marcek, B. J., and Gribben, P. E. (2012). Density-dependent facilitation cascades determine epifaunal community structure in temperate Australian mangroves. Ecology 93, 1388–1401.
Density-dependent facilitation cascades determine epifaunal community structure in temperate Australian mangroves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bishop, M. J., Fraser, J., and Gribben, P. E. (2013). Morphological traits and density of foundation species modulate a facilitation cascade in Australian mangroves. Ecology 94, 1927–1936.
Morphological traits and density of foundation species modulate a facilitation cascade in Australian mangroves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Blanchette, C. A. (1997). Size and survival of intertidal plants in response to wave action: a case study with Fucus gardneri. Ecology 78, 1563–1578.
Size and survival of intertidal plants in response to wave action: a case study with Fucus gardneri.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Blanchette, C., Miner, B., and Gaines, S. (2002). Geographic variability in form, size and survival of Egregia menziesii around Point Conception, California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 239, 69–82.
Geographic variability in form, size and survival of Egregia menziesii around Point Conception, California.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bouma, T. J., Ortells, V., and Ysebaert, T. (2009). Comparing biodiversity effects among ecosystem engineers of contrasting strength: macrofauna diversity in Zostera noltii and Spartina anglica vegetations. Helgoland Marine Research 63, 3–18.
Comparing biodiversity effects among ecosystem engineers of contrasting strength: macrofauna diversity in Zostera noltii and Spartina anglica vegetations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Branch, G. M., and Branch, M. L. (1980). Competition in Bembicium auratum (Gastropoda) and its effect on microalgal standing stock in mangrove muds. Oecologia 46, 106–114.
Competition in Bembicium auratum (Gastropoda) and its effect on microalgal standing stock in mangrove muds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Bruno, J. F., Stachowicz, J. J., and Bertness, M. D. (2003). Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, 119–125.
Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burrows, E. M., and Lodge, S. (1951). Autecology and the species problem in Fucus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 30, 161–176.
Autecology and the species problem in Fucus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cervin, G., Lindegarth, M., Viejo, R. M., and Åberg, P. (2004). Effects of small-scale disturbances of canopy and grazing on intertidal assemblages on the Swedish west coast. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 302, 35–49.
Effects of small-scale disturbances of canopy and grazing on intertidal assemblages on the Swedish west coast.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapman, A. R. O. (1974). The genetic basis of morphological differentiation in some Laminaria populations. Marine Biology 24, 85–91.
The genetic basis of morphological differentiation in some Laminaria populations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Chapman, A. R. O. (1995). Functional ecology of fucoid algae: twenty-three years of progress. Phycology 34, 1–32.
Functional ecology of fucoid algae: twenty-three years of progress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cheshire, A. C., and Hallam, N. D. (1989). Morphological differences in the southern bull-kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) throughout south-eastern Australia. Botanica Marina 32, 191–197.
Morphological differences in the southern bull-kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) throughout south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Christie, H., Jørgensen, N. M., and Norderhaug, K. M. (2007). Bushy or smooth, high or low; importance of habitat architecture and vertical position for distribution of fauna on kelp. Journal of Sea Research 58, 198–208.
Bushy or smooth, high or low; importance of habitat architecture and vertical position for distribution of fauna on kelp.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Christie, H., Norderhaug, K. M., and Fredriksen, S. (2009). Macrophytes as habitat for fauna. Marine Ecology Progress Series 396, 221–233.
Macrophytes as habitat for fauna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Clarke, S. M., and Womersley, H. B. S. (1981). Cross-fertilization and hybrid development of forms of the brown alga Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne. Australian Journal of Botany 29, 497–505.
Cross-fertilization and hybrid development of forms of the brown alga Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crooks, J. A. (2002). Characterizing ecosystem‐level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers. Oikos 97, 153–166.
Characterizing ecosystem‐level consequences of biological invasions: the role of ecosystem engineers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Crowe, T. (1996). Different effects of microhabitat fragmentation on patterns of dispersal of an intertidal gastropod in two habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 206, 83–107.
Different effects of microhabitat fragmentation on patterns of dispersal of an intertidal gastropod in two habitats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Davison, I. R., and Pearson, G. A. (1996). Stress tolerance in intertidal seaweed. Journal of Phycology 32, 197–211.
Stress tolerance in intertidal seaweed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dayton, P. K. (1971). Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41, 351–389.
Competition, disturbance, and community organization: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

de Paula, E. J., and de Oliveira, E. C. (1982). Wave exposure and ecotypical differentiation in Sargassum cymosum (Phaeophyta–Fucales) Phycologia 21, 145–153.
Wave exposure and ecotypical differentiation in Sargassum cymosum (Phaeophyta–Fucales)Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Dudgeon, S. R., and Johnson, A. S. (1992). Thick vs. thin: thallus morphology and tissue mechanics influence differential drag and dislodgement of two co-dominant seaweeds. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 165, 23–43.
Thick vs. thin: thallus morphology and tissue mechanics influence differential drag and dislodgement of two co-dominant seaweeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Edgar, G., Barrett, N. S., and Graddon, D. J. (1999). ‘A Classification of Tasmanian Estuaries and Assessment of Their Conservation Significance Using Ecological and Physical Attributes, Population and Land Use.’ (Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania: Hobart, Tas., Australia.)

Erwin, D. H. (2008). Macroevolution of ecosystem engineering, niche construction and diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23, 304–310.
Macroevolution of ecosystem engineering, niche construction and diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Fowler-Walker, M. J., Wernberg, T., and Connell, S. D. (2006). Differences in kelp morphology between wave sheltered and exposed localities: morphologically plastic or fixed traits? Marine Biology 148, 755–767.
Differences in kelp morphology between wave sheltered and exposed localities: morphologically plastic or fixed traits?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Grove, S. J. (2017). A guide to the seashells and other marine molluscs of Tasmania. (Taroona Scientific.) Available at http://www.molluscsoftasmania.net/Order%20pages/Vetigastropoda.html [Verified 22 August 2018].

Hansen, J. P., Sagerman, J., and Wikström, S. A. (2010). Effects of plant morphology on smallscale distribution of invertebrates. Marine Biology 157, 2143–2155.
Effects of plant morphology on smallscale distribution of invertebrates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Irving, A. D., and Bertness, M. D. (2009). Trait‐dependent modification of facilitation on cobble beaches. Ecology 90, 3042–3050.
Trait‐dependent modification of facilitation on cobble beaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H., and Shachak, M. (1994). Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69, 373–386.
Organisms as ecosystem engineers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jones, C. G., Lawton, J. H., and Shachak, M. (1997). Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem engineers. Ecology 78, 1946–1957.
Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem engineers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kain, M. (2015). Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae): a tough survivor in the harsh conditions of high intertidal pools in southeast Australia. European Journal of Phycology 50, 408–421.
Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae): a tough survivor in the harsh conditions of high intertidal pools in southeast Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kay, L. M., Eddy, T. D., Schmidt, A. L., and Lotze, H. K. (2016). Regional differences and linkage between canopy structure and community composition of rockweed habitats in Atlantic Canada. Marine Biology 163, 251–267.
Regional differences and linkage between canopy structure and community composition of rockweed habitats in Atlantic Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Kelaher, B. P., Chapman, M. G., and Underwood, A. J. (2001). Spatial patterns of diverse macrofaunal assemblages in coralline turf and their associations with environmental variables. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 81, 917–930.
Spatial patterns of diverse macrofaunal assemblages in coralline turf and their associations with environmental variables.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Keough, M. J., and Quinn, G. P. (1998). Effects of periodic disturbances from trampling on rocky intertidal beds. Ecological Applications 8, 141–161.

Lilley, S. A., and Schiel, D. R. (2006). Community effects following the deletion of a habitat-forming alga from rocky marine shores. Oecologia 148, 672–681.
Community effects following the deletion of a habitat-forming alga from rocky marine shores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Loke, L. H., and Todd, P. A. (2016). Structural complexity and component type increase intertidal biodiversity independently of area. Ecology 97, 383–393.
Structural complexity and component type increase intertidal biodiversity independently of area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Macinnis-Ng, C. M. O., Morrison, D. A., and Ralph, P. J. (2005). Temporal and spatial variation in the morphology of the brown macroalga Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyta). Botanica Marina 48, 1927–1936.
Temporal and spatial variation in the morphology of the brown macroalga Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyta).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Menge, B. A., and Branch, G. M. (2001). Rocky intertidal communities. In ‘Marine Community Ecology’. (Eds M. D. Bertness, S. D. Gaines, and M. E. Hay.) pp. 221–252. (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA.)

Mueller, R., Fischer, A. M., Bolch, C. J., and Wright, J. T. (2015). Environmental correlates of phenotypic variation: do variable tidal regimes influence morphology in intertidal seaweeds? Journal of Phycology 51, 859–871.
Environmental correlates of phenotypic variation: do variable tidal regimes influence morphology in intertidal seaweeds?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Mueller, R., Wright, J. T., and Bolch, C. J. S. (2018). Historical demography and colonisation pathways of the widespread intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae) in southeastern Australia. Journal of Phycology 54, 56–65.
Historical demography and colonisation pathways of the widespread intertidal seaweed Hormosira banksii (Phaeophyceae) in southeastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Osborn, J. E. M. (1948). The structure and life history of Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77, 47–71.

Povey, A., and Keough, M. (1991). Effects of trampling on plant and animal populations on rocky shores. Oikos 61, 355–368.
Effects of trampling on plant and animal populations on rocky shores.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ralph, P., Morrison, D., and Addison, A. (1998). A quantitative study of the patterns of morphological variation within Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne (Fucales: Phaeophyta) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 225, 285–300.
A quantitative study of the patterns of morphological variation within Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne (Fucales: Phaeophyta) in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schiel, D. R. (2004). The structure and replenishment of rocky shore intertidal communities and biogeographic comparisons. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300, 309–342.
The structure and replenishment of rocky shore intertidal communities and biogeographic comparisons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schiel, D. R. (2006). Rivets or bolts? When single species count in the function of temperate rocky reef communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 338, 233–252.
Rivets or bolts? When single species count in the function of temperate rocky reef communities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schiel, D. R., and Lilley, S. A. (2007). Gradients of disturbance to an algal canopy and the modification of an intertidal community. Marine Ecology Progress Series 339, 1–11.
Gradients of disturbance to an algal canopy and the modification of an intertidal community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schiel, D. R., and Lilley, S. A. (2011). Impacts and negative feedbacks in community recovery over eight years following removal of habitat-forming macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 407, 108–115.
Impacts and negative feedbacks in community recovery over eight years following removal of habitat-forming macroalgae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Schoenwaelder, M. E. A. (2002). Physode distribution and the effect of ‘thallus sunburn’ in Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Botanica Marina 45, 262–266.
Physode distribution and the effect of ‘thallus sunburn’ in Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Scrosati, R., and Ellrich, J. (2018). Thermal moderation of the intertidal zone by seaweed canopies in winter. Marine Biology 165, 115–120.
Thermal moderation of the intertidal zone by seaweed canopies in winter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Short, A. D. (2006). ‘Beaches of the Tasmanian Coast and Island.’ (Sydney University Press: Sydney, NSW, Australia.)

Sideman, E. J., and Mathieson, A. C. (1983). Ecological and genecological distinctions of a high intertidal dwarf form of Fucus distichus (L.) Powell in New England. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 72, 171–188.
Ecological and genecological distinctions of a high intertidal dwarf form of Fucus distichus (L.) Powell in New England.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Steneck, R. S., Graham, M. H., Bourque, B. J., Corbett, D., Erlandson, J. M., Estes, J. A., and Tegner, M. J. (2002). Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environmental Conservation 29, 436–459.
Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Sueiro, M. C., Bortolus, A., and Schwindt, E. (2011). Habitat complexity and community composition: relationships between different ecosystem engineers and the associated macroinvertebrate assemblages. Helgoland Marine Research 65, 467–477.
Habitat complexity and community composition: relationships between different ecosystem engineers and the associated macroinvertebrate assemblages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Thomsen, M. S., Metcalfe, I., South, P., and Schiel, D. R. (2016). A host-specific habitat former controls biodiversity across ecological transitions in a rocky intertidal facilitation cascade. Marine and Freshwater Research 67, 144–152.
A host-specific habitat former controls biodiversity across ecological transitions in a rocky intertidal facilitation cascade.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Tuya, F., and Haroun, R. J. (2006). Spatial patterns and response to wave exposure of shallow water algal assemblages across the Canarian Archipelago: a multi-scaled approach. Marine Ecology Progress Series 311, 15–28.
Spatial patterns and response to wave exposure of shallow water algal assemblages across the Canarian Archipelago: a multi-scaled approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Underwood, A. (1998). Grazing and disturbance: an experimental analysis of patchiness in recovery from a severe storm by the intertidal alga Hormosira banksii on rocky shores in New South Wales. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 231, 291–306.
Grazing and disturbance: an experimental analysis of patchiness in recovery from a severe storm by the intertidal alga Hormosira banksii on rocky shores in New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Underwood, A. J., and Barrett, G. (1990). Experiments on the influence of oysters on the distribution, abundance and sizes of the gastropod Bembicium auratum in a mangrove swamp in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 137, 25–45.
Experiments on the influence of oysters on the distribution, abundance and sizes of the gastropod Bembicium auratum in a mangrove swamp in New South Wales, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veiga, P., Rubal, M., Vieira, R., Arenas, F., and Sousa-Pinto, I. (2013). Spatial variability in intertidal macroalgal assemblages on the North Portuguese coast: consistence between species and functional group approaches. Helgoland Marine Research 67, 191–201.
Spatial variability in intertidal macroalgal assemblages on the North Portuguese coast: consistence between species and functional group approaches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Veiga, P., Rubal, M., and Sousa-Pinto, I. (2014). Structural complexity of macroalgae influences epifaunal assemblages associated with native and invasive species. Marine Environmental Research 101, 115–123.
Structural complexity of macroalgae influences epifaunal assemblages associated with native and invasive species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whorff, J., Whorff, L., and Sweet, M. (1995). Spatial variation in an algal turf community with respect to substratum slope and wave height. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, 429–444.
Spatial variation in an algal turf community with respect to substratum slope and wave height.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Womersley, H. B. S. (1967). A critical survey of the marine algae of southern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 15, 189–270.
A critical survey of the marine algae of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wright, J. T., Williams, S. L., and Dethier, M. N. (2004). No zone is always greener: variation in the performance of Fucus gardneri embryos, juveniles and adults across tidal zone and season. Marine Biology 145, 1061–1073.
No zone is always greener: variation in the performance of Fucus gardneri embryos, juveniles and adults across tidal zone and season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Wright, J. T., Byers, J. E., DeVore, J. L., and Sotka, E. E. (2014). Engineering or food? Mechanisms of facilitation by a habitat-forming invasive seaweed. Ecology 95, 2699–2706.
Engineering or food? Mechanisms of facilitation by a habitat-forming invasive seaweed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |