References

Betsch, J. M. (1980). Éléments pour une monographie des Collemboles Symphypléones (Hexapodes, Aptérygotes). Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Nouvelle Série, Série A. Zoologie 116, 1–227.

Börner, C. (1906). Das System der Collembolen nebst Beschreibung neuer Collembolen des Hamburger Naturhistorischen Museums. Mitteilungen aus den Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg 23, 147–188.

Bremer, K. (1988). The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution 42, 795–803.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bremer, K. (1994). Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10, 295–304.
| CrossRef |

Bretfeld, G. (1986). Phylogenetic systematics of the higher taxa of Symphypleona Börner, 1901 (Insecta, Entognatha, Collembola). In ‘2nd International Seminar Apterygota, Siena’. (Ed. R. Dallai.) pp. 307–311. (Siena, Italy.)

Bretfeld, G. (1999). Symphypleona. In ‘Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola. Vol. 2’. (Ed. W. Dunger.) Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseum Görlit 71, 1–318.

Camin, J. H., and Sokal, R. R. (1965). A method for deducing branch sequences in phylogeny. Evolution 19, 311–326.
| CrossRef |

Christiansen, K. (1961). Convergence and parallelism in cave Entomobryinae. Evolution 15, 288–301.
| CrossRef |

Christiansen, K. (1966). The genus Arrhopalites (Collembola, Sminthuridae) in the United States and Canada. International Journal of Speleology 2, 43–73.

Christiansen, K. (1992). Biological processes in space and time: cave life in the light of modern evolutionary theory. In ‘The Natural History of Biospeleology’. (Ed. A.I. Camacho.) (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales: Madrid.)

Christiansen, K., and Bellinger, P. (1981). ‘The Collembola of North America, north of the Rio Grande. A taxonomic analysis.’ (Grinnell College: Grinnell, IA.)

Christiansen, K., and Bellinger, P. (1996). Cave Arrhopalites new to science. Journal of Caves and Karst Studies 58, 168–180.

Christiansen, K., and Bellinger, P. (1998). ‘The Collembola of North America, north of the Rio Grande. A taxonomic analysis. 2nd edn’. (Grinnell College: Grinnell, IA.)

Culver, D. (1982). ‘Cave Life (Evolution and Ecology)’. (University Press: Cambridge.)

Delamare Deboutteville, C., and Massoud, Z. (1963). Collemboles Symphypléones. Biologie Amérique Australe 2, 169–289.

Ellis, W. N., and Bellinger, P. F. (1973). An annotated list of the generic names of Collembola (Insecta) and their type species. Monografieën van de Nederlandse Entomologische Verenigin 7, 1–74.

Fong, D. W., Kane, T. C., and Culver, D. C. (1995). Vestigialization and loss of nonfunctional characters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26, 249–268.
| CrossRef |

Gisin, H. (1960). Sur la faune européene des collemboles III. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 67, 309–322.

Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., and Nixon, K. C. (2003). TNT: tree analysis using new technology. computer software and documentation. Available at http://www.zmuc.dk/public/Phylogeny/TNT [Accessed August 2010]

Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S., and Nixon, K. C. (2008). TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24, 774–786.
| CrossRef |

Gough, H. J. (1973). On variation in Arrhopalites caecus (Tullberg) (Collembola: Sminthuridae). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 108, 205–209.

Greenslade, P., Stevens, M. I., Torricelli, G., and D’Haese, C. A. (2011). An ancient Antarctic endemic genus restored: morphological and molecular support for Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (Collembola: Hypogastruridae). Systematic Entomology 36, 223–240.
| CrossRef |

Lawrence, P.N. (1979). The terminology of terminalia and cartography of chaetotaxy in the Collembola, its evolutionary significance and systematic utility. In ‘1st International Seminar Apterygota’. pp. 69–80. (Siena, Italy.)

Lipscomb, D. (1992). Parsimony, homology and the analysis of multistate characters. Cladistics 8, 45–65.
| CrossRef |

Mickevich, M. F. (1982). Transformation series analysis. Systematic Zoology 31, 461–478.
| CrossRef |

Mickevich, M. F., and Lipscomb, D. (1991). Parsimony and the choice between different transformation for the same character set. Cladistics 7, 111–139.
| CrossRef |

Mickevich, M. F., and Weller, S. J. (1990). Evolutionary character analysis: tracing character change on a cladogram. Cladistics 6, 137–170.
| CrossRef |

Nayrolles, P. (1991). La chétotaxie antennaire des Collemboles Symphypléones. Travaux du Laboratoire d’Ecobiologie des Arthropodes Edaphiques, Toulouse 6, 1–94.

Nelson, G. (1978). Ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology, and the biogenic law. Systematic Zoology 27, 324–345.
| CrossRef |

Nixon, K. C., and Carpenter, J. M. (1993). On outgroups. Cladistics 9, 413–426.
| CrossRef |

O’Grady, R. T., and Deets, G. B. (1987). Colding multistates characters, with special reference to the use of parasites as characters of their hosts. Systematic Zoology 36, 268–279.
| CrossRef |

Patterson, C. (1982). Morphological characters and homology. In ‘Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction’. (Eds K. A. Joysey and A. E. Friday) pp. 20–74. (Academic Press: London.)

Richards, W. R. (1968). Generic classification, evolution and biogeography of the Sminthuridae of the world (Collembola). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 100, 1–54.
| CrossRef |

Stach, J. (1945). The species of the genus Arrhopalites occurring in European caves. Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci. Prace Muzeum Przyrodniczego 1, 1–47.

Vargovitsh, R. S. (2009). New cave Arrhopalitidae (Collembola: Symphypleona) from Crimea (Ukraine). Zootaxa 2047, 1–47.

Yosii, R. (1954). Höhlencollembolen Japans I. Kontyû 20, 62–70.

Zeppelini, D. (2004). The genus Arrhopalites (Collembola, Arrhopalitidae) in Asia, with the description of two new Japanese species of Yosii’s collection. Zootaxa 430, 1–26.

Zeppelini, D. (2006). The genus Arrhopalites Börner, 1906 (Collembola, Appendiciphora, Arrhopalitidae) in the Neotropic Region, with description of four new cave species from Brazil. Zootaxa 1124, 1–40.