Ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) from marine demosponges and their microsymbionts

Lakmini Kosgahakumbura; Jayani Gamage; Chamari M. Hettiarachchi; Paco Cárdenas; Sunithi Gunasekera

doi:10.1071/CH25100

REVIEW (Open Access)

Previous Contents Vol 78(10)

Ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) from marine demosponges and their microsymbionts

Lakmini Kosgahakumbura ^A ^B ^# , Jayani Gamage

^A ^B ^# , Chamari M. Hettiarachchi ^B , Paco Cárdenas ^A ^C and Sunithi Gunasekera

^A ^*

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

^A Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden.

^B Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo, 03, Sri Lanka.

^C Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Lakmini Kosgahakumbura completed her PhD at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, in collaboration with Uppsala University, Sweden. Her doctoral research focused on integrative taxonomy and isolation of bioactive natural products from marine sponges. Her particular interests are the isolation, characterisation, and evaluation of the biological significance of bromopyrrole alkaloids and Ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). The potential bioactivities of these compounds serve as valuable leads for future drug discovery.

Jayani Gamage completed her PhD at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, in collaboration with Uppsala University, Sweden. Her doctoral research focused on the integrative taxonomy and antimicrobial potential of shallow-water marine sponges, along with the phylogenetic relationships of selected species. This research contributed to documenting understudied marine biodiversity in the region and highlighted the bioactive potential of sponges as a source of natural products. She has a strong interest in combining conventional taxonomy with modern molecular and chemical approaches to better understand sponge diversity and bioactive potential.

Chamari Hettiarachchi is a professor in molecular biology and biochemistry at the Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Her research interests span molecular biology, biochemistry and microbiology, with a strong focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms and their applications in biotechnology. She has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles and has actively engaged in collaborative research with institutes in Sweden and India. Her ongoing work emphasises integrating fundamental molecular insights with applied research to address contemporary challenges in medicine, industry and the environment.

Paco Cárdenas is a sponge biologist and head curator of zoology at the Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden. He obtained his PhD at the University of Bergen, Norway, on the systematics of tetractinellid sponges. His expertise today centres on the evolution, taxonomy and classification of demosponges, using different sets of characters including genetics and chemistry. He has described more than 30 new species of sponges worldwide. Paco also contributes to sponge pharmacognosy and metabolomics research in the Pharmacognosy group at Uppsala University.

Sunithi Gunasekera is a adjunct lecturer and associate professor in the Pharmacognosy group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden. She obtained her PhD in Structural Biology in 2009 from The University of Queensland, Australia. During her doctoral research, Sunithi worked on early cyclotide bioactivity grafting applications, which sparked her interest in peptide therapeutic development. Sunithi’s research expertise spans peptide synthesis and NMR-based structural analysis. Currently, Sunithi is engaged in ribosomal peptide discovery from marine sponges from underexplored marine environments across the tropics and the North Atlantic.

^* Correspondence to: sunithi.gunasekera@uu.se

^# These authors equally contributed to this work.

Handling Editor: Mibel Aguilar

Australian Journal of Chemistry 78, CH25100 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH25100

Submitted: 23 June 2025 Accepted: 2 September 2025 Published online: 8 October 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)

Abstract

Marine sponges are among the oldest animals to have emerged on Earth. They are metazoan holobionts that host diverse microbial symbionts, which constitute more than 40% of their biomass. Despite their morphological simplicity, sponges exhibit complex genetic architecture, unquestionably encoding ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) and proteins, essential for their biological functions. In addition to host-derived compounds, the associated microbiota also produce RiPPs, introducing further complexity in distinguishing the origin of these molecules. To date, marine sponge RiPPs research is confined to species within the class Demospongiae, with peptidomic, transcriptomic and genomic approaches employed for their discovery. This review provides a comprehensive account of current research on ribosomal peptides in marine sponges and associated microsymbionts, emphasising the need for expanded discovery efforts. Unravelling the genetic basis and biosynthetic pathways of these peptides will deepen our understanding of sponge biology and open new opportunities for peptide-based drug discovery.

Keywords: demosponges, marine, microsymbionts, metagenomics, peptides, peptidomics, post-translational modifications, RiPPs, sponges, transcriptomics.

Biographies

Lakmini Kosgahakumbura completed her PhD at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, in collaboration with Uppsala University, Sweden. Her doctoral research focused on integrative taxonomy and isolation of bioactive natural products from marine sponges. Her particular interests are the isolation, characterisation, and evaluation of the biological significance of bromopyrrole alkaloids and Ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). The potential bioactivities of these compounds serve as valuable leads for future drug discovery.

Jayani Gamage completed her PhD at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, in collaboration with Uppsala University, Sweden. Her doctoral research focused on the integrative taxonomy and antimicrobial potential of shallow-water marine sponges, along with the phylogenetic relationships of selected species. This research contributed to documenting understudied marine biodiversity in the region and highlighted the bioactive potential of sponges as a source of natural products. She has a strong interest in combining conventional taxonomy with modern molecular and chemical approaches to better understand sponge diversity and bioactive potential.

Chamari Hettiarachchi is a professor in molecular biology and biochemistry at the Department of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Her research interests span molecular biology, biochemistry and microbiology, with a strong focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms and their applications in biotechnology. She has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles and has actively engaged in collaborative research with institutes in Sweden and India. Her ongoing work emphasises integrating fundamental molecular insights with applied research to address contemporary challenges in medicine, industry and the environment.

Paco Cárdenas is a sponge biologist and head curator of zoology at the Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Sweden. He obtained his PhD at the University of Bergen, Norway, on the systematics of tetractinellid sponges. His expertise today centres on the evolution, taxonomy and classification of demosponges, using different sets of characters including genetics and chemistry. He has described more than 30 new species of sponges worldwide. Paco also contributes to sponge pharmacognosy and metabolomics research in the Pharmacognosy group at Uppsala University.

Sunithi Gunasekera is a adjunct lecturer and associate professor in the Pharmacognosy group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden. She obtained her PhD in Structural Biology in 2009 from The University of Queensland, Australia. During her doctoral research, Sunithi worked on early cyclotide bioactivity grafting applications, which sparked her interest in peptide therapeutic development. Sunithi’s research expertise spans peptide synthesis and NMR-based structural analysis. Currently, Sunithi is engaged in ribosomal peptide discovery from marine sponges from underexplored marine environments across the tropics and the North Atlantic.

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