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Australian Journal of Botany Australian Journal of Botany Society
Southern hemisphere botanical ecosystems
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Australian Journal of Botany

Australian Journal of Botany

Volume 73 Number 6 2025


Ecology research and curriculum centred around principles for how ecosystems are constructed (red boxes).

Future ecosystems will be different. What rules govern ecosystem structures that can develop in a particular setting of physical geography and resource supply and disturbance regime? The future of ecology, both research and curriculum, lies in understanding those rules from first principles, so that humanity can make choices constructively. Image credit: Mark Westoby.


Self-fertilised cones of Wollemia nobilis can produce large, vigorous and viable seeds.

Wollemia nobilis has separate male and female cones on a single plant (monoecious). While most gymnosperms are dioecious, Wollemia nobilis has the possibility of self-fertilisation. Seed production of a single isolated tree was studied. While some cones produced no viable seeds, in some cones 10–20% of scales had seeds with a well-formed megagametophyte and embryo. This megagametophyte and embryo could germinate more rapidly than is usually reported for the species. Wollemia nobilis can produce viable, vigorous seeds through self-fertilisation. Photograph by Geoffrey E. Burrows.

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