Cobalt oxide-based catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reactions
Huihui Li
A , Shuhao Wang A and Chuan Zhao A *
A
Huihui Li received her MEng degree from Beijing Normal University in 2021 and BSc degree from Beijing University of Technology in 2018. Now she is a PhD candidate in the School of Chemistry at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, under the supervision of Prof. Chuan Zhao. Her research focuses on the electrocatalysis of water splitting in acidic media, with an emphasis on catalyst stability and mechanisms under industrial conditions. Her research interests focus on material synthesis, electrochemical testing and advanced characterisation techniques. |
Shuhao Wang is a postdoctoral research fellow at UNSW, Sydney. He received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in materials science and engineering from Fuzhou University and completed his PhD at UNSW in 2024. His research focuses on computational electrochemistry, integrating density functional theory and molecular dynamics to design and understand advanced electrocatalysts for energy conversion. He has extensive experience in high-performance computing and the application of machine learning for mechanistic studies and catalyst optimisation. |
Chuan Zhao is a professor at the School of Chemistry at UNSW, Sydney. He is currently the deputy director of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for the Global Hydrogen Economy, and the deputy research chair and flagship program director of the ARC Centre of Excellence on Green Electrochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide. He is interested in discovering novel electrochemical methodologies and nanomaterials for energy applications, including water splitting, hydrogen fuel cells, CO2 and N2 reduction, batteries, and sensors. |
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a cornerstone technology for green hydrogen production, yet the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media remains a major bottleneck. Noble metal oxides such as IrO2 and RuO2 are effective but suffer from high cost and scarcity. As a non-precious alternative, spinel cobalt oxide (Co3O4) has attracted attention due to its promising performance results from its mixed-valence structure, tunable electronic properties and catalytic potential. However, its practical application is challenged by poor conductivity, moderate activity and instability under acidic conditions due to proton attack and lattice degradation. This review summarises recent advances in Co3O4-based electrocatalysts for acidic OER. We first introduce three key OER pathways: adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) and oxide path mechanism (OPM) and their relevance to Co3O4 performance. Then, we introduce the structural and electronic characteristics of Co3O4 that influence its catalytic behaviour. Next, we review a range of engineering strategies, including element doping, heterostructure construction, surface modification and defect engineering, all aimed at enhancing the activity and durability of Co3O4. Finally, we highlight critical challenges and offer perspectives for advancing Co3O4 as a viable acidic OER catalyst.
Keywords: acidic water electrolysis, activity and stability, cobalt oxide, electronic structure design, non-noble metal catalysts, oxygen evolution reaction, proton exchange membrane electrolyser, renewable energy.
Huihui Li received her MEng degree from Beijing Normal University in 2021 and BSc degree from Beijing University of Technology in 2018. Now she is a PhD candidate in the School of Chemistry at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, under the supervision of Prof. Chuan Zhao. Her research focuses on the electrocatalysis of water splitting in acidic media, with an emphasis on catalyst stability and mechanisms under industrial conditions. Her research interests focus on material synthesis, electrochemical testing and advanced characterisation techniques. |
Shuhao Wang is a postdoctoral research fellow at UNSW, Sydney. He received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in materials science and engineering from Fuzhou University and completed his PhD at UNSW in 2024. His research focuses on computational electrochemistry, integrating density functional theory and molecular dynamics to design and understand advanced electrocatalysts for energy conversion. He has extensive experience in high-performance computing and the application of machine learning for mechanistic studies and catalyst optimisation. |
Chuan Zhao is a professor at the School of Chemistry at UNSW, Sydney. He is currently the deputy director of the Australian Research Council (ARC) Training Centre for the Global Hydrogen Economy, and the deputy research chair and flagship program director of the ARC Centre of Excellence on Green Electrochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide. He is interested in discovering novel electrochemical methodologies and nanomaterials for energy applications, including water splitting, hydrogen fuel cells, CO2 and N2 reduction, batteries, and sensors. |
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