References

Abbo S, Berger J, Turner NC (2003) Evolution of cultivated chickpea: four bottlenecks limit diversity and constrain adaptation. Functional Plant Biology 30, 1081–1087.
| CrossRef |

Ae N, Shen RF (2002) Root cell-wall properties are proposed to contribute to phosphorus (P) mobilization by groundnut and pigeonpea. Plant and Soil 245, 95–103.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ae N, Arihara J, Okada K, Yoshihara T, Johansen C (1990) Phosphorus uptake by pigeon pea and its role in cropping systems of the Indian subcontinent. Science 248, 477–480.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ali M, Gupta S (2012) Carrying capacity of Indian agriculture: pulse crops. Current Science 102, 874–881.

Belko N, Zaman MA, Diop NN, Cisse N, Ehlers JD, Ndoye O, Zombre G, Vadez V (2012) Lower soil moisture threshold for transpiration decline under water deficit correlates with lower canopy conductance and higher transpiration efficiency in drought tolerant cowpea. Functional Plant Biology 39, 306–322.

Berger JD, Buirchel BJ, Luckett DJ, Nelson MN (2012) Domestication bottlenecks limit genetic diversity and constrain adaptation in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 124, 637–652.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bhadoria PS, El Dessougi H, Liebersbach H, Claassen N (2004) Phosphorus uptake kinetics, size of root system and growth of maize and groundnut in solution culture. Plant and Soil 262, 327–336.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Bieleski RL (1973) Phosphate pools, phosphate transport and phosphate availability. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 24, 225–252.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Blümmel M, Ratnakumar P, Vadez V (2012) Opportunities for exploiting variations in haulm fodder traits of intermittent drought tolerant lines in a reference collection of groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.). Field Crops Research 126, 200–206.
| CrossRef |

Burkart MR, James DE (1999) Agricultural-nitrogen contributions to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Environmental Quality 28, 850–859.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Cadisch G, Giller KE (1997) ‘Driven by nature: plant residue quality and decomposition.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Castellanos-Ramos JZ, Acosta-Gallegos JA, Orozco NR, Munoz-Ramos JJ (2009) Biological nitrogen fixation and tuber yield of yam bean in central Mexico. Agicultura Tecnica en Mexico 35, 277–283.

Chen P, Sneller CH, Purcell LC, Sinclair TR, King CA, Ishibashi T (2007) Registration of soybean germplasm lines R01-416F an R01-581F for improved yield and nitrogen fixation under drought stress. Journal of Plant Registrations 1, 166–167.
| CrossRef |

Choi HK, Mun JH, Kim DJ, Zhu H, Baek JM, Mudge J, Roe B, Ellis N, Doyle J, Kiss JB, Young ND, Cook DR (2004) Estimating genome conservation between crop and model legume species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, 15 289–15 294.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Chu Y, Holbrook C, Timper P, Ozias-Akins P (2007) Development of a PCR-based molecular marker to select for nematode resistance in peanut. Crop Science 47, 841–847.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Clark EA, Francis CA (1985) Bean-maize intercrops: a comparison of bush and climbing bean growth habits. Field Crops Research 10, 151–166.
| CrossRef |

Denison RF (2000) Legume sanctions and the evolution of symbiotic cooperation by rhizobia. American Naturalist 156, 567–576.
| CrossRef |

Denison RF, Sinclair TR (1985) Diurnal and seasonal variation in dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates by field-grown soybeans. Agronomy Journal 77, 679–684.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Denison RF, Weisz PR, Sinclair TR (1985) Variability among plants in dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) rates by field-grown soybean. Agronomy Journal 77, 947–950.
| CrossRef |

Devi MJ, Sinclair TR, Vadez V, Krishnamurthy L (2009) Peanut genotypic variation in transpiration efficiency and decreased transpiration during progressive soil drying. Field Crops Research 114, 280–285.
| CrossRef |

Devi MJ, Sinclair TR, Vadez V (2010) Genotypic variability among peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) in sensitivity of nitrogen fixation to soil drying. Plant and Soil 330, 139–148.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Duan S, Bianchi TS, Satschi PH, Armon RMW (2010) Effects of tributary inputs on nutrient export from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. Marine and Freshwater Research 61, 1029–1038.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Fredeen , AL , Rao , IM , Terry , N (1989) Influence of phosphorous nutrition on growth and carbon partitioning in Glycine max. Plant Physiology 89, 225–230.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Fujii K, Gatehouse AMR, Johnson CD, Mitchel R, Yoshida T (1989) Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution. In ‘Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Bruchids and Legumes (ISBL-2)’. (Eds K Fujii, AMR Gatehouse, CD Johnson, R Mitchel, T Yoshida) pp. 303–315. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)

Furihata T, Suzki M, Sakurai H (1992) Kinetic characterization of two phosphate uptake systems with different affinities in suspension-cultured Catharanthus roseus protoplasts. Plant & Cell Physiology 33, 1151–1157.

Gahoonia TS, Nielsen NE (1998) Direct evidence on participation of root hairs in phosphorus (32P) uptake from soil. Plant and Soil 198, 147–152.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Gan YT, Siddique KHM, MacLeod WJ, Jayakumar P (2006) Management options for minimizing the damage by ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research 97, 121–134.
| CrossRef |

Gilbert GA, Knight JD, Vance CP, Allan DL (1999) Acid phosphatase activity in phosphorus-deficient white lupin roots. Plant, Cell & Environment 22, 801–810.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Gowda C, Parthasarathy Rao P, Tripathi S, Gaur P, Deshmukh R (2009) Regional shift in chickpea production in India. In ‘Milestones in food legumes’. (Eds M Ali, S Kumar) pp. 21–35. (IIPR: Kanpur, India)

Graham PH, Temple SR (1984) Selection for improved nitrogen fixation in Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant and Soil 82, 315–327.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Hatayama R, Takahashi R, Ohshima M, Shibasaki B, Tokuyama T (2000) Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrosomonas sp. K1: purification and properties. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 90, 426–430.

Helal HM (1990) Varietal differences in root phosphatase activity as related to the utilization of organic phosphates. Plant and Soil 123, 161–163.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Hens M, Hocking P (2004) An evaluation of the phosphorus benefits from grain legumes in rotational cropping using ³³P isotopic dilution. In ‘New directions for a diverse planet’. (Eds T Fischer, N Turner, J Angus, L McIntyre, M Robertson, A Borrell, D Lloyd) (The Regional Institute Ltd: Gosford, NSW) www.cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/poster/2/5/4/1190_hockingp.htm

Herridge DF, Pate JS (1977) Utilization of net photosynthate for nitrogen fixation and protein production in an annual legume. Plant Physiology 60, 759–764.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Hinsinger H (2001) Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review. Plant and Soil 237, 173–195.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Hufstetler EV, Boerma HR, Carter TE, Earl HJ (2007) Genotypic variation for three physiological traits affecting drought tolerance in soybean. Crop Science 47, 25–35.
| CrossRef |

Hungria M, Neves MCP (1987) Cultivar and Rhizobium strain effect on nitrogen fixation and transport in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plant and Soil 103, 111–121.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jackai LEN, Daoust RA (1986) Insect pests of cowpeas. Annual Review of Entomology 31, 95–119.
| CrossRef |

Jemo M, Abaidoo RC, Nolte C, Tchienkoua M, Sanginga N, Horst WJ (2006) Phosphorus benefits from grain-legume corps to subsequent maize grown on acid soils of southern Cameroon. Plant and Soil 284, 385–397.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Jones DL, Dennis PG, Owen AG, van Hees PAW (2003) Organic acid behavior in soils – misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Plant and Soil 248, 31–41.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Kerr RB, Snapp SS, Chirwa M, Shumba L, Msachi R (2007) Participatory research on legume diversification with Malawian smallholder farmers for improved human nutrition and soil fertility. Experimental Agriculture 43, 437–453.
| CrossRef |

Khan TN, Adhikari K, Siddique KHM, Garlinge J, Smith L, Morgan S, Boyd C (2009) Chickpea 2010 crop variety testing of germplasm developed by DAFWA/CLIMA/ICRISAT/COGGO alliance. Agribusiness Crop Updates 2010. Western Australian Agriculture Authority, Perth, Australia. pp. 9–12.

Klauer SF, Franceschi VR, Ku MSB, Zhang D (1996) Identification and localization of vegetative storage proteins in legume leaves. American Journal of Botany 83, 1–10.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Knights EJ, Southwell RJ, Schwinghamer MW, Harden S (2008) Resistance to Phytophthora medicaginis Hansen and Maxwell in wild Cicer species and its use in breeding root rot resistant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 383–387.
| CrossRef |

Kornegay J, White JW, Ortiz Cruz O (1992) Growth habit and gene pool effects on inheritance of yield in common bean. Euphytica 62, 171–180.
| CrossRef |

Krasilnikoff G, Gahoonia T, Nielsen NE (2003) Variation in phosphorus uptake efficiency by genotypes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) due to differences in root and root hair length and induced rhizosphere processes. Plant and Soil 251, 83–91.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Kueneman EA, Root WR, Dashiell KE, Hohenberg J (1984) Breeding soybeans for the tropics capable of nodulating effectively with indigenous Rhizobium spp. Plant and Soil 82, 387–396.
| CrossRef |

Lambers H, Shane MW, Cramer MD, Pearse SJ, Veneklaas EJ (2006) Root structure and functioning for efficient acquisition of phosphorus: matching morphological and physiological traits. Annals of Botany 98, 693–713.
| CrossRef |

Lansing AJ, Franceschi VR (2000) The paraveinal mesophyll: a specialized path for intermediary transfer of assimilates in legume leaves. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, 757–767.

Lauer MJ, Blevins DH, Sierzputowska-Gracz H (1989) ³¹P-nuclear magnetic resonance determinations of phosphate compartmentation in leaves of reproductive soybeans (Glycine max L.) as affected by phosphate nutrition. Plant Physiology 89, 1331–1336.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Lawn RJ (1989) Agronomic and physiological constraints to the productivity of tropical grain legumes and prospects for improvement. Experimental Agriculture 25, 509–528.
| CrossRef |

Lawn RJ, Brun WA (1974) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybean: I. Effect of photosynthetic source-sink manipulations. Crop Science 14, 11–16.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Lee RB, Ratcliffe RG, Southon TE (1990) 31P NMR measurements of cytoplasmic and vacuolar Pi content of mature maize roots: relationships with phosphorus status and phosphate fluxes. Journal of Experimental Botany 41, 1063–1078.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Lemaire G, Jeuffroy M-H, Gastal F (2008) Diagnosis tool for plant and crop N status in vegetative stage. Theory and practices for crop N management. European Journal of Agronomy 28, 614–624.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Li H, Shen J, Zhang F, Marschner P, Cawthray G, Rengel Z (2010) Phosphorus uptake and rhizosphere properties of intercropped and monocropped maize, faba bean, and white lupin in acidic soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 46, 79–91.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Lugg DG, Sinclair TR (1981) Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of field grown soybean leaflets. 2. Relation to nitrogen content. Photosynthetica 15, 138–144.

Lynch JP (2007) Roots of the second Green Revolution. American Journal of Botany 55, 493–512.
| CrossRef |

Lynch JP, Brown KM (2001) Topsoil foraging – an architectural adaptation of plants to low phosphorus availability. Plant and Soil 237, 225–237.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Minchin FR (1997) Regulation of oxygen diffusion in legume nodules. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29, 881–888.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Neumann G, Massonneau A, Langlade N, Dinkelaker B, Hengeler C, Romheld V, Martinoia E (2000) Physiological aspects of cluster root function and development in phosphorus-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Annals of Botany 85, 909–919.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Nuruzzaman M, Lambers H, Bollard MDA, Veneklaas EJ (2005a) Phosphorus uptake by grain legumes and subsequently grown wheat at different levels of residual phosphorus fertiliser. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1041–1047.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Nuruzzaman M, Lambers H, Bolland MDA, Veneklaas EJ (2005b) Phosphorus benefits of different legume crops to subsequent wheat grown in different soils of Western Australia. Plant and Soil 271, 175–187.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Nwoke OC, Diels J, Abaidoo R, Nziguheba G, Merckx R (2008) Organic acids in the rhizosphere and root characteristics of soybean (Glycine max) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in relation to phosphorus uptake in poor savanna soils. African Journal of Biotechnology 7, 3620–3627.

Obaton M, Bouniols A, Piva G, Vadez V (2002) Are Bradyrhizobium japonicum stable during a long stay in soil. Plant and Soil 245, 315–326.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Ohwaki Y, Hirata H (1992) Difference in the carboxylic acid exudation among P-starved leguminous crops in relation to carboxylic acid contents in plant tissues and phospholipid level in roots. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 38, 235–243.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Pande S, Rao N (2001) Resistance of wild Arachis species to late leaf spot and rust in greenhouse trials. Plant Disease 85, 851–855.
| CrossRef |

Perret X, Christian Staehelin C, Broughton WJ (2000) Molecular basis of symbiotic promiscuity. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 180–201.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Piha MI, Munns DN (1987) Nitrogen fixation capacity of field-grown bean compared to other grain legumes. Agronomy Journal 79, 690–696.
| CrossRef |

Purcell LC, Sinclair TR (1993) Soybean (Glycine max) nodule physical traits associated with permeability responses to oxygen. Plant Physiology 103, 149–156.

Purdue University (2012) Purdue Crop Cost & Return Guide. Purdue Extension ID-166-W. W. Lafayette, IN, USA

Rachie KO, Roberts LM (1974) Grain legumes of the lowland tropics. Advances in Agronomy 26, 1–132.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Rao IM, Fredeen AL, Terry N (1993) Influence of phosphorus limitation on photosynthesis, carbon allocation and partitioning in sugar beet and soybean grown with a short photoperiod. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 31, 223–231.

Robson RL, Postgate JR (1980) Oxygen and hydrogen in biological nitrogen fixation. Annual Review of Microbiology 34, 183–207.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Rodríguez-Navarro DN, Camacho M, Temprano F, Santamaria C, Leidi EO (2009) Assessment of nitrogen fixation potential in aphia (Pachyrhizus ahipa) and its effect on root and seed yield. Experimental Agriculture 45, 177–188.
| CrossRef |

Roy MM, Singh KA (2008) The fodder situation in rural India: future outlook. International Forestry Review 10, 217–234.
| CrossRef |

Sanginga N, Okogun J, Vanlauwe B, Dashiell K (2002) The contribution of nitrogen by promiscuous soybeans to maize based cropping the moist savanna of Nigeria. Plant and Soil 241, 223–231.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Schachtman DP, Reid RJ, Ayling SM (1998) Phosphorus uptake by plants: from soil to cell. Plant Physiology 116, 447–453.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Serraj R, Sinclair TR, Purcell LC (1999a) Symbiotic N₂ fixation response to drought. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, 143–155.

Serraj R, Vadez V, Purcell LC, Sinclair TR (1999b) Recent advances in the physiology of drought stress effects on symbiotic N₂ fixation in soybean. In ‘Highlights of nitrogen fixation research’. (Eds F Matinez, G Hernandez) pp. 49–55. (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publications: New York)

Shane MW, De Vos M, De Roock S, Lambers H (2003) Shoot P status regulates cluster-root growth and citrate exudation in Lupinus albus grown with a divided root system. Plant, Cell & Environment 26, 265–273.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Shen H, Yan X, Zhao M, Zheng S, Wang X (2002) Exudation of organic acids in common bean as related to mobilization of aluminum- and iron-bound phosphates. Environmental and Experimental Botany 48, 1–9.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Shiferaw BA, Kebede TA, You L (2008) Technology adoption under seed access constraints and the economic impacts of improved pigeonpea varieties in Tanzania. Agricultural Economics 39, 309–323.

Simpson CE, Starr JL (2001) Registration of ‘COAN’ peanut. Crop Science 41, 918
| CrossRef |

Sinclair TR, deWit CT (1975) Photosynthate and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various crops. Science 189, 565–567.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sinclair TR, Serraj R (1995) Legume nitrogen fixation and drought. Nature 378, 344
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sinclair TR, Sinclair CJ (2010) ‘Bread, beer and the seeds of change: agriculture’s imprint on world history.’ (CAB International: Wallingford, UK)

Sinclair TR, Vadez V (2002) Physiological traits for crop yield improvement in low N and P environments. Plant and Soil 245, 1–15.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sinclair TR, Purcell LC, Vadez V, Serraj R, King CA, Nelson R (2000) Identification of soybean genotypes with N₂ fixation tolerance to water deficits. Crop Science 40, 1803–1809.
| CrossRef |

Sinclair TR, Zwieniecki MA, Nolbrook NM (2008) Low leaf hydraulic conductance associated with drought tolerance in soybean. Physiologia Plantarum 132, 446–451.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Sinclair TR, Messina CD, Beatty A, Samples M (2010) Assessment across the United States of the benefits of altered soybean drought traits. Agronomy Journal 102, 475–482.
| CrossRef |

Singh KB, Robertson LD, Ocampo B (1998) Diversity for abiotic and biotic stress resistance in the wild annual Cicer species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 45, 9–17.
| CrossRef |

Snapp SS, Silim SN (2002) Farmer preferences and legume intensification for low nutrient environments. Plant and Soil 245, 181–192.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Snapp SS, Mafongoya PL, Waddington S (1998) Organic matter technologies to improve nutrient cycling in smallholder cropping systems of Southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 71, 185–200.
| CrossRef |

Snapp SS, Rohrback DD, Simtowe F, Freeman HA (2002) Sustainable soil management options for Malawi: can smallholder farmers grow more legumes? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 91, 159–174.
| CrossRef |

Sperling L, Loevinsohn ME, Ntabomvura B (1993) Rethinking the farmer’s role in plant breeding: local bean experts and onstation selection in Rwanda. Experimental Agriculture 29, 509–519.
| CrossRef |

Sundstøl F, Owen E (Eds) (1984) ‘Straw and other fibrous by-products as feed.’ (Elsevier: Amsterdam)

Tang C (1998) Factor affecting soil acidification under legumes. I. Effect of potassium supply. Plant and Soil 199, 275–282.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Tanner CB, Sinclair TR (1983) Efficient water use in crop production: Research or re-search? In ‘Limitations to efficient water use in crop’. (Eds HM Taylor, WR Jordan, TR Sinclair) pp. 1–27. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)

Tjepkema JD, Yocum CS (1974) Measurement of oxygen partial pressure within soybean nodules by oxygen microelectrode. Planta 119, 351–360.
| CrossRef |

Tropical Legumes (1979) ‘Tropical legumes: resources for the future.’ (National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC)

Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R (2001) A mini-core subset for capturing diversity and promoting utilization of chickpea genetic resources in crop improvement. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102, 1292–1298.
| CrossRef |

Vadez V, Sinclair TR, Serraj R (2000) Asparagine and ureide accumulation in nodules and shoots as feedback inhibitors of N₂ fixation in soybean. Physiologia Plantarum 110, 215–223.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Van Soest PJ (1994) ‘Nutritional ecology of the ruminant.’ 2nd edn. (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, NY)

Walsh KB, McCully ME, Canny MJ (1989) Vascular transport and soybean nodule function: nodule xylem is a blind alley, not a throughway. Plant, Cell & Environment 12, 395–405.
| CrossRef |

Wang L, Liao H, Yan X, Zhuang B, Dong Y (2004) Genetic variability for root hair traits as related to phosphorus status in soybean. Plant and Soil 261, 77–84.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Wittenbach VA, Ackerson RC, Giaquinta RT, Hebert RR (1980) Changes in photosynthesis, ribulose biosphosphate carboxylase, proteolytic activity, and ultrastructure of soybean leaves during senescence. Crop Science 20, 225–231.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Yan X, Liao H, Beebe SE, Blair MW, Lynch JP (2004) QTL mapping of root hair and acid exudation traits and their relationship to phosphorus uptake in common bean. Plant and Soil 265, 17–29.
| CrossRef | CAS |

Zaman-Allah M, Jenkinson D, Vadez V (2011a) Chickpea genotypes contrasting for seed yield under terminal drought stress in the field differ for traits related to the control of water use. Functional Plant Biology 38, 270–281.
| CrossRef |

Zaman-Allah M, Jenkinson D, Vadez V (2011b) A conservative pattern of water use, rather than deep or profuse rooting, is critical for the terminal drought tolerance of chickpea. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 4239–4252.
| CrossRef | CAS |