This research front presents papers from the 32nd Australasian Polymer Symposium, 13–16 February, 2011 at Coffs Harbour, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Basic strategies dealing with the synthesis of complex linear and cross-linked macromolecular structures by photochemical methods are reported with particular references to recent works conducted in the area.

This review highlights approaches and chemistries for end-group removal and functionalization in (co)polymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization.

Conventional synthetic hydrogel materials are sometimes limited by their extreme brittleness. We review here recent work illustrating that the control of network topology can greatly improve the toughness of high-swelling hydrogel materials. We also comment on possible toughening mechanisms and introduce mechanical properties charts to graphically illustrate the differences in mechanical behaviour of these new materials.

The synthesis of star-shaped poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) is reported by direct end-capping of the living polymer chains with dendritic multiamines. The end-capping kinetics revealed less efficient end-capping with larger poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) chains and increasing dendrimer generation. The solution viscosity and cloud point temperature of the star-shaped polymers were much less affected by chain length compared with their linear analogues.

RAFT polymerization of styrene has been implemented in miniemulsion using in situ surfactant generation with oleic acid and potassium hydroxide without high energy mixing. The results demonstrate that a system that proceeds predominantly by a miniemulsion mechanism can be achieved under carefully selected conditions.

Using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, a responsive poly(vinyl amino acid)amphiphilic diblock copolymer has been prepared. This chiral amino acid diblock copolymer has been assembled at both low and high pH to form both cylindrical and spherical micelles. The characterization and application of these chiral nanostructures is described.

We describe a facile means of synthesizing low-polydispersity block copolymers with site-specific isocyanate functionalities via RAFT polymerization. The isocyanate groups are then exploited to attach polyethylene glycol to the copolymer to yield pseudo-star copolymers. These amphiphilic copolymers are then self-assembled in water to form monodisperse polymer particles.

“Soft” silicone core-“hard” polyacrylate shell nanoparticles were prepared via a single-step miniemulsion polymerization. The effect of latex morphology and stiffness of polyacrylate shells (their T_g and crosslinking degrees) on composite film properties were investigated. Hybrid latexes with good thermal and excellent water resistant film properties could be formulated for further use in waterborne coatings.

The ccc stereoisomer-purified tert-butoxycarbonyloxy (t-Boc) protected calix[4]resorcinarene molecular resists for next-generation photolithography exhibit a non-uniform photoacid-catalyzed reaction in thin films. The surface displays a reduced reaction extent with preferential orientation, compared with the amorphous bulk.

Reactive triblock polymers are used to form functional and stimulus-responsive nanoporous membranes. The development of such ‘smart’ membranes capable of responding to environmental stimuli could greatly expand the scope of membrane applications in, for example, medicine.

Difunctional monomers with various polymerizable end groups and containing 3,3´-allyl dithioethers in the centre of the chain, have been prepared using two different alkylation methods. These allyl dithioethers can be polymerized directly, or with further chemical reactions transformed into more complex monomers, for photoplastic polymer networks, illustrated by one example.

The complex shear modulus (G*(ω)) of a model reversible covalent network formed by the Diels–Alder reaction was shown to depend strongly on temperature near the gel point. Mid- and low-frequency scaling features of G*(ω) over the experimental frequency and temperature range were interpreted to be a result of the network dynamics.

Amphiphilic hetero-arm molecular brushes (AMBs) were prepared by a combination of ‘grafting from’ and ‘grafting onto’ methodologies. Use was made of the alternating tendency in the copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The AMBs eventually obtained consist of PEG-substituted styrene and N-alkyl maleimide. Self-assembly of the AMBs was investigated.

This vial contains a few remaining mgs of the original crystalline carbene sample of 1,3-di(1-adamantyl)imidazol-2-ylidene from August 27, 1990. This small amount of material pales in comparison with the quantities of nucleophilic singlet carbenes in use today. A Foreword by A. J. Arduengo opens this issue's Research Front on N-Heterocyclic carbenes.

Similarly to (alkyl)(amino)carbenes, stable acyclic and ferrocene-based cyclic diaminocarbenes exhibit high HOMO energies E_HOMO and low singlet–triplet gaps ΔE_ST. These ambiphilic singlet carbenes react with fundamentally important small molecules like CO and NH₃. This was hitherto thought to be impossible for N-heterocyclic carbenes and related diaminocarbenes.

Abnormal carbene ligands – isomeric to classical N-heterocyclic carbenes but comprising a much more pronounced mesoionic character — are proposed to act cooperatively with the metal center to accomplish demanding bond activation processes.

This review examines the use of the mild and modular CuAAC ‘click’ reaction for development of a novel family of abnormal or mesoionic N-heterocyclic carbenes and their corresponding metal complexes. These new ‘click’ carbene metal complexes have been utilised in catalysis, self-assembly and as photosensitizers.

A range of metal carbene complexes containing the ionic liquid-derived N-heterocyclic carbene 1-ⁿbutyl-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene (IBuMe, 1) have been prepared. The sigma donation and steric properties of 1 are discussed relative to those of common imidazol-2-ylidene ligands.

The reaction of highly basic, sterically demanding 1-(2-methylthiophenyl)-tetrahydropyrimid-2-ylidenes with a [Rh(COD)Cl]₂ dimer leads to cleavage of the C_aryl-SMe bond, metallation at the aryl ring and oxidation of the Rh centre to form a MeS-bridged dimer. The reaction is an example of the unusual chemistry promoted by these novel ligands.

The synthesis of 1-acyl-2-alkylcycloalkenes from a variety of cycloalkanones has been achieved via either β-keto enol phosphates or β-bromoenones. Both methods exploit simple and readily scalable transformations allowing the preparation of the desired compounds to be achieved in three, or four steps, respectively. The utility of these strategies has been examined, resulting in the preparation of 17 disubstituted cycloalkenes.

N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) promote the addition of 1,1-bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene to the α-position of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The proposed reaction pathway for this Rauhut–Currier-type reaction includes an unusual conjugate addition of an NHC to a bis-vinyl sulfone.

This article examines the scope of acid–base systems for reversible hydrogen activation using bulky imidazol-2-ylidenes and a range of electrophiles. Boranes, carbocations and a transition metal complex were investigated as the acids. In the absence of dihydrogen, abnormal carbene adduct formation was observed in some cases. Hydrogen activation with these systems can result in hydride reduction of the imidazolium cations to 2H-imidazolines (aminals).

A six-membered N-heterocyclic gallium(I) compound (see picture) has been synthesized, crystallographically characterized, and its electronic properties analyzed using density functional theory.

Self-assembled monolayers of the N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3-diethylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene on gold were fabricated by chemisorption from solution, thus establishing a completely new adsorbate system in this field.