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Genomic blueprints of soybean (Glycine max) pathogen resistance: revealing the key genes for sustainable agriculture

Aiman Hina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-2780 A * , Muhammad Khuram Razzaq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1916-4596 B C * , Asim Abbasi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2731-0490 D , Muhamad Basit Shehzad E , Muhammad Arshad D , Tayyaba Sanaullah F , Kamran Arshad C , Ghulam Raza https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-0374 G , Hayssam M. Ali H , Faisal Hayat I , Naeem Akhtar J and Nader R. Abdelsalam K
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) National Centre for Soybean Improvement, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Email: aimanhina@yahoo.com

B Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan. Email: Khuram.uos@gmail.com

C Soybean Research Institute, MARA National Centre for Soybean Improvement, MARA Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China. Email: kamranarshad332332@gmail.com

D Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan. Email: asimuaf95@gmail.com, arshaduaf@gmail.com

E College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China. Email: basitshahzad854@gmail.com

F Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan. Email: taybbia_sanaullah@yahoo.com

G National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan. Email: graza4@gmail.com

H Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Email: hayhassan@ksu.edu.sa

I College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Email: maken_faisal@yahoo.com

J Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. Email: naeem.uca@gmail.com

K Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt. Email: nader.wheat@alexu.edu.eg


Handling Editor: Sajid Fiaz

Functional Plant Biology 51, FP23295 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP23295
Submitted: 9 December 2023  Accepted: 4 April 2024  Published: 26 April 2024

© 2024 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oilseed, protein and biodiesel crop. It faces significant threats from bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens, which cause economic losses and jeopardises global food security. In this article, we explore the relationship between soybeans and these pathogens, focusing on the molecular responses that are crucial for soybeans defence mechanisms. Molecular responses involve small RNAs and specific genes, including resistance (R) genes that are pivotal in triggering immune responses. Functional genomics, which makes use of cutting-edge technologies, such as CRISPR Cas9 gene editing, allows us to identify genes that provide insights into the defence mechanisms of soybeans with the focus on using genomics to understand the mechanisms involved in host pathogen interactions and ultimately improve the resilience of soybeans. Genes like GmKR3 and GmVQ58 have demonstrated resistance against soybean mosaic virus and common cutworm, respectively. Genetic studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) including those linked with soybean cyst nematode, root-knot nematode and Phytophthora root and stem rot resistance. Additionally, resistance against Asian soybean rust and soybean cyst nematode involves specific genes and their variations in terms of different copy numbers. To address the challenges posed by evolving pathogens and meet the demands of a growing population, accelerated soybean breeding efforts leveraging functional genomics are imperative. Targeted breeding strategies based on a deeper understanding of soybean gene function and regulation will enhance disease resistance, ensuring sustainable agriculture and global food security. Collaborative research and continued technological advancements are crucial for securing a resilient and productive agricultural future.

Keywords: CRISPR Cas9, food security, pathogen resistance genes, plant defence, R genes, soybean cyst nematode, soybean genomics, small RNA.

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