2-Phenylethylisothiocyanate concentration and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of field-grown canola
Angelika Rumberger A and Petra Marschner BA Department of Horticulture, 170 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Corresponding author; email: ar286@cornell.edu
B Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Studies, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
Functional Plant Biology 31(6) 623-631 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP03249
Submitted: 15 December 2003 Accepted: 9 March 2004 Published: 23 June 2004
Abstract
Field experiments with two spring and two winter canola cultivars were conducted in two successive years to study the release of 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) by living canola roots during plant development. The PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere of living roots ranged between 0 and 12 119 pmol g–1. Higher PEITC concentrations were detected in the first year in both spring and winter canola compared to the second year suggesting a strong impact of growth conditions on PEITC release. The PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere changed with plant development. In spring canola the PEITC concentration was highest at flowering. In winter canola the highest PEITC concentrations were found in autumn and in spring at booting. There were no differences in PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere between cultivars with high and low seed (winter canola) or root (spring canola) glucosinolate concentration. The rhizosphere bacterial community composition determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) changed significantly with time. Some of the changes in bacterial rhizosphere community composition were correlated with the PEITC concentration in the rhizosphere. Other environmental factors such as plant dry matter and soil moisture also were significantly correlated with the bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. It is concluded that PEITC can be released in sufficient amounts into the rhizosphere of living canola roots to be a selective factor for the bacterial community.
Keywords: bacterial community composition, canola, DGGE, 2-phenylethylisothiocyanate, rhizosphere.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (MA 1675 / 4–1) for financial support.
Bamforth SS
(1997) Protozoa: recyclers and indicators of agroecosystem quality. ‘Fauna in soil ecosystems’. (Ed. G Benckiser)
pp. 63–84. (Marcel Decker Inc.: New York, NY)
Bazin MJ, Markham P, Scott EM, Lynch JM
(1990) Population dynamics and rhizosphere interactions. ‘The rhizosphere’. (Ed. JM Lynch)
pp. 99–128. (John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK)
Bending GD, Lincoln S
(1999) Characterisation of volatile sulphur-containing compounds produced during decomposition of Brassica juncea tissues in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31, 695–703.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bones AM, Rossiter JT
(1996) The myrosinase–glucosinolate system, its organisation and biochemistry. Physiologia Plantarum 97, 194–208.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Borneman J,
Skroch PW,
O’Sullivan KM,
Palus JA,
Rumjanek NG,
Jansen JL,
Nienhuis J, Triplett EW
(1996) Molecular diversity of agricultural soil in Wisconsin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 62, 1935–1943.
| PubMed |
Brown PD, Morra MJ
(1997) Control of soil-borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants. Advances in Agronomy 61, 167–231.
Choesin DN, Boerner REJ
(1991) Allyl isothiocyanate release and the allelopathic potential of Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). American Journal of Botany 78, 1083–1090.
Cook RJ, Papendick RI
(1972) Influence of water potential of soils and plants on root disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology 10, 349–374.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Duineveld BM,
Rosado AS,
van Elsas JD, van Veen JA
(1998) Analysis of dynamics of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of the Chrysanthemum via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and substrate utilization patterns. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 4950–4957.
| PubMed |
Gelsomino A,
Keijzer-Wolters AC,
Cacco G, van Elsas JD
(1999) Assessment of bacterial community composition in soil by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Journal of Microbiological Methods 38, 1–15.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Heuer H,
Krsek M,
Baker P,
Smalla K, Wellington EMH
(1997) Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63, 3223–3241.
Kirkegaard JA,
Sarwar M, Matthiessen JN
(1998) Assessing the biofumigation potential of crucifers. Acta Horticulturae 459, 105–111.
Kirkegaard JA, Sarwar M, Wong PTW, Mead A
(1998) Biofumigation by brassicas reduces take-all infection. ‘Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference’. Wagga Wagga, Australia.. (Ed. DL Michalk ,
JE Pratley )
pp. 465–468. (Australian Society of Agronomy: Melbourne, Vic.)
Kirkegaard JA,
Sarwar M,
Wong PTW,
Mead A,
Howe G, Newell M
(2000) Field studies on the biofumigation of take-all by Brassica break crops. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 445–456.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirkegaard JA,
Smith BJ,, Morra MJ
(2001) Biofumigation: soil-borne pest and disease suppression by Brassica roots
h
(extra issue 1), 416–417.
Koritsas VM,
Lewis JA, Fenwick GR
(1991) Glucosinolate responses of oilseed rape, mustard and kale to mechanical wounding and infestation by cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala). Annuals of Applied Biolology 118, 209–221.
Lambert B,
Leyens F,
van Royen L,
Gosselé F,
Papon Y, Swings J
(1987) Rhizobacteria of maize and their antifungal activities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 1649–1655.
Lottmann J,
Heuer H,
de Vries J,
Mahn A,
During K,
Wackernagel W,
Smalla K, Berg G
(2000) Establishment of introduced antagonistic bacteria in the rhizosphere of transgenic potatoes and their effect on the bacterial community. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33, 41–49.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Marschner P,
Yang CH,
Lieberei R, Crowley DE
(2001) Soil and plant specific effects on bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 1437–1445.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marschner P,
Crowley DE, Lieberei R
(2001) Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection changes the bacterial 16S rDNA community composition in the rhizosphere of maize. Mycorrhiza 11, 297–302.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muyzer G, Smalla K
(1998) Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 73, 127–141.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Neumann G,
Massonneau A,
Langlade N,
Dinkelaker B,
Hengeler C,
Römheld V, Martinoia E
(2000) Physiological aspects of cluster root function and development in phosphorus-deficient white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). Annals of Botany 85, 909–919.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Potter MJ,
Vanstone VA,
Davies KA, Rathjien AJ
(2000) Breeding to increase the concentration of 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate in the roots of Brassica napus.
Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 1811–1820.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rumberger A, Marschner P, Lieberei R
(2001) Sortenabhängige Unterschiede der Zusammensetzung der Rhizosphärenpopulation bei Raps. ‘Physiologie und Funktion von Pflanzenwurzeln’. (Eds W Merbach, L Wittenmayer, J Augustin)
pp. 46–53. (Teubner, Stuttgart: Leipzig, Germany)
Rumberger A, Marschner P
(2003) 2-Phenylethylisothiocyanate liberated by living canola roots affects the microbial community composition in the rhizosphere. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35, 445–452.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sarwar M, Kirkegaard JA
(1998) Biofumigation potential of brassicas II. Effect of the environment and ontogeny on glucosinolate production and implications for screening. Plant and Soil 201, 91–101.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sarwar M,
Kirkegaard JA,
Wong PTW, Desmarchelier JM
(1998) Biofumigation potential of brassicas III. In vitro toxicity of isothiocyanates to soil-borne fungal pathogenes. Plant and Soil 201, 103–112.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schreiner RP, Koide RT
(1993) Mustards, mustard oils and mycorrhizas. The New Phytologist 123, 107–113.
Smalla K,
Wieland G,
Buchner A,
Zock A,
Parzy J,
Kaiser S,
Roskot N,
Heuer H, Berg G
(2001) Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis: plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 4742–4751.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed |
Smith B,
Kirkegaard JA, Howe GN
(2004) Impacts of Brassica break-crops on soil biology and yield of following wheat crop. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 1–11.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whipps JM
(1990) Carbon economy. ‘The rhizosphere’. (Ed. JM Lynch)
pp. 59–97. (John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK)
Yang CH, Crowley DE
(2000) Rhizosphere microbial community structure in relation to root location and plant iron status. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 345–351.
| PubMed |
